Earthquake Loads & Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings :: essays research papers

seism Loads & Earthquake rebarbative design of Buildings1.12.Summary23.Earthquake Design - A Conceptual Review24.Earthquake Resisting Performance Expectations35.Key Material Parameters for Effective Earthquake Resistant Design36.Earthquake Design Level Ground Motion46.1.Elastic Response Spectra46.2.Relative Seismicity56.3. colly amplification67.Derivation of Ductile Design Response Spectra78.Analysis and Earthquake Resistant Design Principles88.1.The Basic Principles of Earthquake Resistant Design88.2.Controls of the Analysis Procedure88.3.The Conventional Earthquake Design Procedure119.The Capacity Design Philosophy for Earthquake enemy119.1.General Approach119.2.The Implications of Capacity Design1210.Earthquake Resistant Structural Systems1210.1.Moment Resisting Frames1210.2.Shear Walls1310.3.Braced Frames1311.The Importance & Implications of Structural Regularity1311.1.General1311.2.Vertical Regularity1411.3.Horizontal Regularity.1411.4.Floor Diaphragms1412.Methods of Analysi s1512.1.Integrated Time History Analysis1512.2.Multi-modal Analysis1512.3.Equivalent Static Analysis1513.Trends and Future Directions1614.Conclusions1615.References171. SummaryThe primary objective of earthquake resistant design is to prevent building collapse during earthquakes thus minimising the risk of death or injury to people in or around those buildings. Because damaging earthquakes be rare, economics dictate that damage to buildings is expected and acceptable provided collapse is avoided. Earthquake forces are generated by the inertia of buildings as they dynamically respond to ground motion. The dynamic nature of the response makes earthquake loadings markedly different from other building loads. origin temptation to consider earthquakes as a very strong wind is a trap that must be avoided since the dynamic characteristics of the building are inherent to the structural response and thus the earthquake induced actions are able to be mitigated by design.The concept of dyna mic considerations of buildings is one which sometimes generates uncomfortableness and uncertainty within the designer. Although this is understandable, and a common characteristic of any new challenge, it is usually misplaced. Effective earthquake design methodologies jackpot be, and usually are, easily simplified without detracting from the effectiveness of the design. Indeed the high level of uncertainty relating to the ground motion generated by earthquakes seldom justifies the often used complex analysis techniques nor the high level of design sophistication often employed. A good earthquake engineering design is one where the designer takes control of the building by dictating how the building is to respond. This can be achieved by selection of the preferred response mode, selecting zones where inelastic deformations are acceptable and suppressing the development of undesirable response modes which could lead to building collapse. 2.Earthquake Design - A Conceptual ReviewMo dern earthquake design has its genesis in the 1920s and 1930s. At that time earthquake design typically touch on the application of 10% of the building weight as a lateral force on the structure, applied uniformly up the height of the building.

Frank Lincoln Wright :: essays research papers

andiron Lincoln Wright".......having a good start not only do I fully intend to be thegreatest architect who has yet lived, but fully intend to be the greatestarchitect who will ever live. Yes, I intend to be the greatest architect of alltime." - Frank Lloyd Wright 1867-1959CHILDHOOD     Born in Richland Center, in southwestern Wisconsin, on June 8, 1867(Sometimes reported as 1869) Frank Lincoln Wright (Changed by himself to FrankLloyd Wright) was raised in the influence of a welsh heritage. The Lloyd-Jonesfamily, his mothers side of the family, had great influence on Mr. Wrightthroughout his life. The family was Unitary in faith and lived close to eachother. Major aspects within the Lloyd-Jones family included education,religion, and nature. Wrights family spent many evenings listening to WilliamLincoln Wright read the works of Emerson, Thoreau, and Blake outloud. Also hisaunts Nell and Jane opened a school of their own pressing the philosophies ofGerma n educator, Froebel. Wright was brought up in a comfortable, but certainlynot warm household. His father, William Carey Wright who worked as a preacherand a musician, moved from job to job, dragging his family across the UnitedStates. His parents divorced when Wright was still young. His mother Anna(Lloyd-Jones) Wright, relied heavily on upon her many brothers sisters anduncles, and was intellectually guided by his aunts and his mother.      earlier her son was born, Anna Wright had decided that her son was gongto be a great architect. Using Froebels geometric blocks to entertain andeducate her son, Mrs. Wright must have struck glare her son possessed. Use ofthe imagination was encouraged and Wright was given free run of the playroomfilled with paste, paper, and cardboard. On the door were the words, SANCTUMSANCTORUM (Latin for place of inviolable privacy). Mr. Wright was seen as adreamy and sensitive child, and cases of him running away while working on thefarm lands with some uncles is noted. This pattern of running away continuedthroughout his lifetime.WRIGHTS starting line BREAK     In 1887, at the age of twenty, Frank Lloyd Wright moved to Chicago.During the late nineteenth century, Chicago was a booming, crazy place. With aneducation of Engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Wright found a job asa draftsman in a Chicago architectural firm. During this short time with thefirm of J. Lyman Silsbee, Wright started on his first project, the HillsideHome for his aunts, Nell and Jane. impatiently moving forward, Wright got a jobat one of the best known firms in Chicago at the time, Adler and Sullivan.

Emperor Caligula Biography Essay -- essays research papers

Emperor CaligulaOn August 31st, 12 AD Germanicus and Agrippina the elderberry bush gave birth to the third Roman emperor during the Julio-Claudian Dynasty. During the beginning of his reign, it seemed to be, as most would call it a dream come true. But after a few favorable accomplishments, Caligula became the deranged tyrant he is known for today.Born Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, he acquired the name Caligula at the age of two. After being separated from his parents for eighteen months, Augustus prepared traveling arrangements that would re-unite him with his mother. His parents gave him an oversized soldiers uniform with military boots and he became the mascot for the troops. Thus, he reliable the Latin nickname for Little Boot. three months after he acquired this nickname, Augustus died and the troops rebelled. For the sake of her family, Agrippina prepared to leave with her son. Quickly realizing how savage their behavior was, the troops stopped rebelling and begged A grippina to stay. They said, the mere sight of little Gaius unquestionably calmed them down. Germanicus let Caligula stay, but made Agrippina leave because she was about to give birth.After Germanicus (Caligulas father) and the Roman army had defeated the Germans, a victory parade began in Rome. Caligula was placed in a chariot alongside his father as they rode throughout Rome. Not long after, Germanicus was sent to the Middle East with his family where he received new military duties. The five-year-old Caligula also accompanied him. Even though Germanicus had all authority in the East, Piso of Syria challenged him. After a long fought battle, Germanicus became ill and died. This event remained inexpugnable in Caligulas memory and could have le... ...tus, was treated with more honor than the most honorable citizens in Rome. He intended to appoint the horse as a consul, but the little sanity he had left led him to abandon this idea. Not long after his many tyrannical acti ons, the Praetorian guards plan his murder. According to history books, the guards mainly killed Caligula for personal reasons but many believe that Caligulas successor Claudius was involved. January 24, 41 AD, Emperor Caligula was assassinated by the Praetorian guards. legion(predicate) Roman people believed that Tiberius later years damaged the carefully crafted political edifice put together by Augustus. They then realized that Tiberius was a vivid emperor compared to Caligula. As the people called him our baby and our star, it is ironic that his name later became synonymous with words such as hedonism, cruelty, tyranny, and insanity.

Comparison between Woman Work and Overheard in County Sligo Essay

Comparison between Woman Work and Overheard in County SligoWoman Work and overheard in County Sligo ar both rimes which give usan image of the role of cleaning fair sex in the past, and how she contri preciselyed tosociety Through reading both these numberss, it is apparent that both ofthe poets backgrounds chicane influenced the poems. In the past, womenwere not considered important in society, and their efforts were notvalued, not even by woman herself. Women were expected to stay athome, and become housewives. Woman lived in a society in which therewas pressure to get married, wither by family pressure or societalpressure. It was not necessary for woman to correct to the beliefs andwishes of society, but many women felt up compelled to follow the typicalimage expected of woman.Maya Angelou and Gillian Clarke are two female poets who felt it wasimportant to write about the website that rough woman had to live in.Maya Angelou is a black female who felt compelled to write about howwoman were treated in the years before her. She felt her ancestorswere suppressed, not only because of their African race but becausethey were woman. Her poem, Woman Work, is about a womans struggleeveryday to keep up with life, and do the housework.The woman in Woman work is unhappy with her life. She has many jobs todo, and does not show any positive emotion towards them. She isconstantly working, and this is her main priority in life.We know that she has children. She says Ive got the tots to dress.There is no mention of the childrens fat her in the poem, which mayindicate that he gives her no help in the housework.The woman is very tired and flustered. She says Let me rest tonight,which implies that it i... ...pped by their lives.I think that even though the woman in Overheard in County Sligo isricher, and may be more well-off than the woman in Woman Work, theyare both unfortunate and have the same amount of pressure on them. Ilike both poems, but I prefer Woman Work as I like the use oflanguage and imagery in the eventually quadruplet verses. I like the lines Fallsoftly dewdrops and cover me with white I think using nature at theend of the poem makes the poem better, as it emphasises all the lackof materialistic things she owns, and nature is all she has. I thinkthe use of vocabulary is very good, and Maya Angelou has made themajority of the inhabit four verses very peaceful.On the other hand, I like that Overheard in County Sligo starts offwith an overview of a woman, who, on the surface, has the perfectlife, while she is secretly living in misery. Comparison between Woman Work and Overheard in County Sligo EssayComparison between Woman Work and Overheard in County SligoWoman Work and overheard in County Sligo are both poems which give usan image of the role of woman in the past, and how she contributed tosociety Through reading both these poems, it is apparent that both ofthe poets backgrounds have influenced the poems. In t he past, womenwere not considered important in society, and their efforts were notvalued, not even by woman herself. Women were expected to stay athome, and become housewives. Woman lived in a society in which therewas pressure to get married, wither by family pressure or societalpressure. It was not necessary for woman to conform to the beliefs andwishes of society, but many women felt compelled to follow the typicalimage expected of woman.Maya Angelou and Gillian Clarke are two female poets who felt it wasimportant to write about the situation that some woman had to live in.Maya Angelou is a black female who felt compelled to write about howwoman were treated in the years before her. She felt her ancestorswere suppressed, not only because of their African race but becausethey were woman. Her poem, Woman Work, is about a womans struggleeveryday to keep up with life, and do the housework.The woman in Woman work is unhappy with her life. She has many jobs todo, and does not show any positive emotion towards them. She isconstantly working, and this is her main priority in life.We know that she has children. She says Ive got the tots to dress.There is no mention of the childrens fat her in the poem, which mayindicate that he gives her no help in the housework.The woman is very tired and flustered. She says Let me rest tonight,which implies that it i... ...pped by their lives.I think that even though the woman in Overheard in County Sligo isricher, and may be more well-off than the woman in Woman Work, theyare both unfortunate and have the same amount of pressure on them. Ilike both poems, but I prefer Woman Work as I like the use oflanguage and imagery in the last four verses. I like the lines Fallsoftly dewdrops and cover me with white I think using nature at theend of the poem makes the poem better, as it emphasises all the lackof materialistic things she owns, and nature is all she has. I thinkthe use of vocabulary is very good, and Maya Angelou has made them ajority of the last four verses very peaceful.On the other hand, I like that Overheard in County Sligo starts offwith an overview of a woman, who, on the surface, has the perfectlife, while she is secretly living in misery.

Trials of Howard Roarke :: essays research papers fc

THE TRIALS OF HOWARD ROARK I. INTRODUCTIONThere are some literary beginnings so well-known as immediately to call to mind the books in which they appear Call me Ishmael1 It was the best of times. It was the worst of times2 and, increasingly, Howard Roark laughed.3 So begins the novel, The wellspring by Ayn Rand. Published in 1943, The Fountainhead continues to sell 100,000 copies a year.4 For millions it provides the introduction to a philosophical/social movement known as Objectivism. It has been suggested that Objectivism provided capable grounding for the decline of left-liberalism and the expanding influence of a libertarian interruption in American culture.5 Yet despite its influence, the book has engendered scant academic attention6 and virtually no attention in the legal academy. In The Fountainhead, as in all of Rands mature fictional works, the law of naturemore specifically, one or more trial scenesfigures prominently. Indeed, in all of them trials are essential elemen ts of the while development.7 Although Rands work is hardly unique in its use of the trial for dramatic purposes,8 it is distinctive in its use of the trial as illustrative of moral or philosophical principles.9 One would expect, therefore, that 431 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------at least in the philosophical literature of Objectivism, one would find discussion about the role and meaning of law but one would be disappointed. Apart from occasional bromides about the importance of objective law, there is precious little, even in Objectivist literature, about law. Leonard Peikoff, Rands intellectual heir, has written what is perhaps the most systematic exegesis of Rands philosophy.10 The index to his book has no independent listing for law it lists law only as a subhead of government, under the rubric as requiring objective law.11 His discussion consumes just a few pages and is devoted almost entirely to criminal law.12 The pair off of paragraphs on civil law are devoted entirely to the law of contracts.13 Moreover, the treatment is incredibly superficial and seems to equate objectivity to particular concretes, as if abstractions could not be objectivea position one would think Rand would find antithetical to her philosophy, which placed a premium on the conceptual level of awareness.14 The different leading book length interpretations of Rands work also lack so much as an index entry for law.15 This essay is an attempt at filling the void in legal scholarship and Objectivist literature at the intersection of law and Objectivism. I do not attempt a omnibus(prenominal) examination of the Objectivist view of law.

Trials of Howard Roarke :: essays research papers fc

THE TRIALS OF HOWARD ROARK I. INTRODUCTIONThere are some literary beginnings so well-known as immediately to c on the whole to mind the books in which they show up Call me Ishmael1 It was the best of times. It was the worst of times2 and, increasingly, Howard Roark laughed.3 So begins the novel, The Fountainhead by Ayn Rand. Published in 1943, The Fountainhead continues to convey 100,000 copies a year.4 For millions it provides the introduction to a philosophical/social movement known as Objectivism. It has been suggested that Objectivism provided intellectual grounding for the decline of left-liberalism and the expanding influence of a libertarian shift in American culture.5 Yet despite its influence, the book has engendered scant academic attention6 and virtually no attention in the legal academy. In The Fountainhead, as in all of Rands mature fictional works, the lawmore specifically, one or more trial scenesfigures prominently. Indeed, in all of them trials are essential eleme nts of the plot development.7 Although Rands work is hardly unique in its use of the trial for dramatic purposes,8 it is distinctive in its use of the trial as illustrative of moral or philosophical principles.9 One would expect, therefore, that 431 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------at least in the philosophical literature of Objectivism, one would find discussion about the role and meaning of law just one would be disappointed. Apart from occasional bromides about the importance of objective law, there is precious little, even in Objectivist literature, about law. Leonard Peikoff, Rands intellectual heir, has create verbally what is perhaps the most systematic exegesis of Rands philosophy.10 The index to his book has no independent listing for law it lists law only as a subheading of government, under the rubric as requiring objective law.11 His discussion consumes just a few pages and is devoted almost entirely to criminal law.12 The couple of paragraphs on civil law are devoted entirely to the law of contracts.13 Moreover, the treatment is incredibly superficial and seems to equate objectivity to particular concretes, as if abstractions could not be objectivea position one would think Rand would find antithetical to her philosophy, which placed a premium on the conceptual level of awareness.14 The other star(p) book length interpretations of Rands work also lack so much as an index entry for law.15 This essay is an attempt at plectron the void in legal scholarship and Objectivist literature at the intersection of law and Objectivism. I do not attempt a comprehensive interrogation of the Objectivist view of law.

Causes of high unemployment in Zimbabwe Essay

IntroductionThe un concern say is the proportion of the economicalally active population that is unemployed and actively looking for employment. In 1990, Zimbabwe embarked on a programme of stinting Reforms popularly known as Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) and 1991-1992 saw one of the worst droughts. With close to 70% of the population living in the rural argonas (CSO 1992) and dependent on horticulture for their livelihood, this constituted a major disaster. One result of these events was increased migration to the urban areas by people in research of employment. A further drought in 1995-1996 compounded the effect.Worsening economic conditions plus ever increasing corruption and crime have been the norm since 1995. Unemployment is shortly soaring and the current rate stands at 70%. This has been from retrenchments, business closures e.t.c. According to EMCOZ survey, about 6000 romps in the different areas of the economy were lost by the end of 2001. The ske letal frame for 2002 was much higher as a result of the worsening business environment as the government fails to create opportunities to stimulate industrial expansion.Causes of UnemploymentUnemployment is Zimbabwe has been caused by kind of a number of factors. Most of these are mainly because of political reasons. The following are some of the factors that are causing unemploymentSluggish coronation funds and growth fatigued export performancePoor macroeconomic policy environmentThe investment/business climate is unfriendlyPopulation growth rate/age coordinateThe growth path reliance on primary products is suboptimalGeography (proximity to South Africa, no direct access to the sea)Tertiary EducationThese are now explained underSluggish investment and growthThe investment and growth of the Zimbabwe Economy has been shrinking of late. This has had a significant impact on the Zimbabwean companies. In the past 3 years, over 500 companies closed operations because of prohibitive operational conditions characterized by high input costs, hard currency shortages, high levels of interest rates, inflationary levels as well as the uncompetitive export market. Both the company and the government has been failing to effectively invest and thereby unwillinging growth. As a result, this has resulted in monolithic unemployment.Weak export performanceUsually governments and exporters worry roughly about the foreign e finisicity of demand for the exports. But in Zimbabwe today the most important is undoubtedly the domestic elasticity of bestow of exports. This is reflected in the export volume numbers. In 2003, tobacco legal injurys are still virtually unchanged from last year and higher than in previous years, but volumes are down by two-thirds. This then agent that if we have very few goods that we are exporting, no we end up having a weak generation of foreign currency which we direly need for all our imports. This has significantly impacted on most organizatio ns who eventually revive to the black market for the foreign currency.Poor macroeconomic policy environmentThe role of monetary policy is crucial because macroeconomic policy affectsthe REAL economy, largely through with(predicate) the credit and capital markets. At the start of the 21st century monetary policy is the most powerful weapon that governments have at their disposal. monetary policy influences interest rates (directly) and exchange rates (indirectly). It also influences investment, and thereby economic growth and employment. It has major implications for the financial markets bonds and equitiesAnd today, its most important role is that of ensuring price stability. All this seem to have been ignored in the Zimbabwean scenario, where the macroeconomic policies are arm twisted just for the sake of political expediency. As a result, many sectors have been affected, and no jobs were created and thus an increase in unemployment.The investment/business climate is unfriendl yThe more profitable and attractive the business investment climate, the more firms will want to raise new money to expand and the more they will issue bonds. During a business boom or upswing the supply of bonds rises. The investment climate in Zimbabwe is not sufficiently favorable to attract the type of Foreign Direct Investment needed to transform exports. There are so many regulations concerning capital repatriation and profit/dividend remittability. This discourages investment and hence at the same time increasing unemployment.Population growth rate and age grammatical constructionThe population in Zimbabwe has been increasing at a decreasing rate, but the fact that the population is increasing without a complimentary increase in job opportunities, this therefore means all the job candidates are jobless.The growth path reliance on primary products is suboptimalZimbabwe has been relying mostly on the products which are just primary. such dependence has had no joy being foun d for the thousands of youths in Zimbabwe who are looking for jobs.Geography (proximity to South Africa, no direct access to the sea)Zimbabwe is a inland country and has been relying mostly on its neighbours namely South Africa and Mozambique. This has placed the country in a state of disadvantage hence the employment creation rate going down.Tertiary EducationA number of tertiary colleges have sprung up in Zimbabwe, and yet the existing infrastructure is unable to absorb the ostentatiousness numbers of youths seeking training opportunities. There is also a high mismatch of skills acquired from training on one hand and the labour market opportunities on the other has led to increased job seekers.Seriousness of the problemThe issue of unemployment in Zimbabwe has reached such alarming levels which have brought discontent among the citizens of the country. This has been evidenced by the massive increases in the crime rates and other issues which include prostitution. This whole lot is as a result of a number of job seekers who are on the market failing to secure anything.Effects of Land Resettlement and HIV-AIDS on unemploymentHIV and AIDS has been much talked about and discussed in Zimbabwe. This deadly incurable disease and virus has brought about much untold suffering and orphans. This also means that the number of job seekers flowing into the market will fall sharply. This might be a blessing in disguise in that it will provide a partial solution, but it will also highly likely slow the growth rate of the economy and thereby the rate of job generation.The issue about the effect of HIV-AIDS is two fold as it erodes both the employed and the unemployed. In the long run, there might end up there being very few numbers seeking for employment. The high levels of people who are association the job market make this a good pessimism.The massive land reform initiated by so-called war vets and the government produces more losers than winners. More than one-half a mi llion farm workers have already lost their jobs and source of income, without gaining any of the redistributed land. Those displaced from the farms have found themselves on the job market. This then means that instead of solving a problem, the government has created more problems for itself. The problem with that is that this produces a chain of other problems interrelated to the farming business.On another note, if the land resettlement programme was well managed, this could bring a partial solution to the problem. This could temporarily create self-sustaining jobs for the rural community. The only problem is that the government in doctrine banned all commercial agriculture and villagised the whole country into small villages. This can never be a lasting solution to the unemployment problems as agricultures share of total employment falls as economies develop. Thus in the long run, this ceases to be a solution.Many hopes are on the inner sector which people say could expand given enough resources and incentives. Unfortunately, unemployment has risen far beyond the capacity of formal sector establishment while employment in the informal sector has grown phenomenally. Others, however, argue that expansion of the informal sector would generate new and equally serious economic problems destroying the viability of formal sector operations, worsening crime levels, and devastating the environment, negatively affect national health programmes and affect state revenue inflows.Those in the informal sector remain an economic burden for the country because their incomes cannot meet basic needs and that most, if not all, operators subsist below the poverty datum line.It is a pre-requisite for employment creation in Zimbabwe to be enhanced by mobilisation of resources in capital markets through an unprecedented improvement of savings as a percentage of the Gross Domestic product (GDP)to around 25 percent so that funds would be invested and hence forth job creation. But to achieve this, the country should offer competitive investment incentives such as consistently low inflation and interest rates, stable foreign exchange rates, minimum state controls, low taxation and a politically stable environment. Improvement of conditions of services in the sector could be sustainable because of low wages, and there is need to realise that the economy could be stimulated through the rural sector, small scale and medium enterprises or large corporations.ConclusionAll the stake holders, citizens and the government must all be actively tortuous the reduction of unemployment. Without this combined effort and commitment, unemployment is likely to continue rising since the economic conditions are worsening and it is becoming more difficult for the companies that had survived before to continue surviving. If things are left unattended to as they at the moment, unemployment will grow to be a self created time-bomb for the government and will eventually build enough stuff in it to force it to explode.

Marriage-Comparison Essay

Marriage, the union of two people, is satirically presented by Evelyn Waugh in the fable A Handful of Dust and by Edward Albee in the play Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Both authors adopt a chilling approach to demonstrate the enzootic of negative attitudes and pressures of 1930s London and 1960s American parlia mentary procedure placed on to moral institutions such as marriage, with the central protagonists exposed under a powerful microscope to reveal the detrimental effects of society.Albee illustrates the emotional strains inflicted on to individuals and couples aspiring to the American Dream and more importantly the result of failing a fantasy that is unreachable by the majority. In Albees play, George and Martha are metaphysically exposed to the peeling away of the illusion that surrounds their marriage to reveal the murky opaque depths of reality. Waugh on the other hand shows the corrupt and barbaric upper class London society at the time of the Great Industrial Depressi on, evoking a story of Tony and his manipulative, qat resembling wife Brendas failing marriage, and that of the culture and civilisation Waugh so admired.Both Albee and Waugh employ the hire of irony in their chosen orbits. In Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? as large, boisterous Martha turns on the light the sense of hearing are subjected to an emotional meshingfield. Set in a success driven university campus which is a microcosm of society, it is in short made opened it is not a place of learning, achievement and sophisticated culture, cardinal of lust, deceptions and sadness, a place where musical beds is the faculty sport. People like Martha are motivated by greed and self rice beer this indicates the threat of America existence New Carthage, destroyed not by another field hardly by internal corruption and spiritual emptiness, as George reads from The Decline of the West, Albees Cold War subtext is clear.In contrast Waugh gently eases the ratifier in to the amicable correctting of rural England, with an absence of harsh words and scenes of domestic playfulness between the Lasts, indicating an external picture of a content marriage. The setting is an extended metaphor of their marriage. Set in Hetton Abbey, named after Arthurian Legend, indicates their marriage is similarly unreal. With irony, Brenda is appropriately placed in to the bedroom, Guinevere, wife of King Arthur burnt for adultery this gives the reader an ominous feel from the outset about the subsequent regular(a)ts.The novel depicts Tonys chouse for the ancestral, primogeniture home, which like his marriage is devoid of interest. Tony is trapped by the big and quite hideous ho practice session as Brenda is in the marriage, suggested by Waughs use of death imagery used when describing the house like a tomb. The wear out had penetrated in to one corner further indicates the internal decay of the Lasts not in perfect repair marriage. The fact Brenda resents Hetton as she has loc omote there and left her family home- I shouldnt feel so badly about it if it were a really lovely house- like my house for instance, quickly weaves a negative undercurrent to their apparent happiness.Illusions versus reality feature in the marriages in twain Waughs and Albees works. In Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? George and Marthas illusionary smarts provides escapism, acting as a bean bag cushioning their tempestuous, crushing marriage from reality. However as the countersign has been talked about the illusion has pass away reality too the extreme that the illusion now controls them. The son noblelights the pretentious society in which George and Martha live, forced to create a son to fill societies illusions of perfection. The son is for Martha to feel she has fulfilled her role as a woman. However the child is not only a desire for fecundity within their relationship merely in addition a projection through which they expose their personal desires, needs and problems.i ronically the son that was supposed to bring the couple closer has become a reason to fight being used as a tool to undermine one another. By killing the son, George is realising that the illusion has become out of control, Martha has broke the rules by telling Nick and Honey, the pawns in their games. The childs death signifies a milestone in their understanding of marriage, George no longer has to compromise his area of reality and Martha is no longer in danger of losing herself in a domain of a function of Ilyria. Symbolically this happens the day before the child would turn 21. Through the child, Albee as an absurdist is illustrating his view that a life of illusion was wrong because it created a false content for life. George and Marthas empty marriage can clearly only give-up the ghost if they abandon their illusions.Nick also embodies the illusion in Whos afraid of Virginia Woolf. Nick represents the Arian race with his blondie hair and blue eyes are initially seen as How ever his marriage to the slim- hipped mouse is based upon pretence as the child they married for was only a phantom pregnancy. Added to this monetary gain, just as in the Polly Cockpurse of Waughs Belgravia, lies at the core of Waughs A Handful of Dust similarly is based on illusion. The barbaric characters and emotionless buildings provide the reader with an external falsity. Mrs topper represents the destructive forces of modernity with her suggestion of chromium plating. Mrs Beavers character conflicts with Tonys as she destroys old buildings, Tony clings to every glazed brick or encaustic tile at Hetton. Tonys nostalgic feudal nature is arguably one of he main reasons for the breakdown of his marriage. Described as stiff whitened collar suggests he has a refusal to change and ironically at the end is left reading Dickens showing inevitable he is stuck in the past. Tony has been blind by Hetton which provides him with constant delight and exultation, however is formerly one of the notable houses of the country and not in perfect repair therefore devoid of interest to anyone except Tony. Romanticism dominates through Tony, his search for ideals that his parents possessed inseparable in Guinevere are unattainable by Tony.Similarly George and Martha can not reach the ideals set by the American dream. George is symbolic of the past who simply sift(s) everything plunging him in to a world of history which is as important to him as Tonys shining urban center. He is a bog in the history department unable to compete with the direct threat imposed by well- put- together Nick who represents the new kink of the future. As a scientist he signifies clinical facts and evidence he is emotionless like his marriage. At twenty eight Nick is successful and a high achiever unlike George at fifty something who is still in the History department and only ran it for four years, while the war was on, but that was because everyone was away.Albee seeks to emphasise the sensatio n of alienation, in modern men. George thus attacks the decay of individualism Youre the one whos going to make all that troublemaking everyone the same. History presents a cynical view, George prophesises as he reads out the west musteventually fall materialism dominates over culture resulting in sterile smartism. However George bares one key element that Tony realisation does not. George recognises the flaws in his dump of a marriage whereas Tony similar to Honey is blind and does not grasp the sad, sad, sad truth embodying his marriage. Tony refuses to digest how warped and separated he and Brenda have become.The illusion of George and Marthas marriage is portrayed through phrase, for when language stops reality exists. George and Marthas continual battle of incessant banter and total war masks a more sinister and damaging reality and therefore, their fear of silence. Truth is shown through non verbal, theatrical devices throwing flowers and the use of a toy gun, creating desp erate humour through deep anxiety and expectations. Speech is used to gain power and control in swan to deceive others. Ironically George comments Marthas a devil with language showing she is manipulative with her acerbic speech and has dominance in the relationship, (Martha) wears the pants in this marriage because someone has to. This use of clichs shows a loss of capacity to speak the truth, Your in a straight line.and it doesnt lead anywhere.except maybe the grave underlined by the root of terror in the play, the notion of life being meaningless.The regressive language is symbolic of the Martha and George being trapped by their childhoods and therefore they acquire fight roles in a childish manner. However in contrast the callous Martha uses beautiful language when talking about their child, And his eyes were greengreen withif u peered so deep in to themso deepbronzebronze parentheses rough the irisessuch green eyes showing that when sincerity and love exists the hard-hittin g language stops. At the end the simple, basic language, stripped of all metaphors and clichs reflects the simple, basic reality that George and Martha now face. In contrast to Albees use of vibrant and destructive language, in A Handful of Dust conventional, banal and ordinary language dominates.Similarly to George and Martha, Brenda and Tony are shown in scenes of childlike playfulness. The alphabet diet is treasured and endearing, but has an underlying tension as they are confined by the constraints the diet creates. The emptiness of the emotionless, large dining room they dine in which even today mild elsewhere, it was bitterly cold in the dining hall further shows a lack of warmth between characters. The readers depression encounter of the Lasts boosts a content marriage While he ate breakfast Brenda read to him from the papers however the reader is aware of the negative undertones of the commonplace marriage These scenes of domestic playfulness had been more or less continu ous in Tony and Brendas life for seven years. Waugh stylistically and subtly reveals problems through his use of setting There seemed to be no way of securing an even temperature in that room. The reader is also lead to question the stability of the Lasts marriage through Mrs Beaver comments everyone thought (Brenda) would marry Jock, and (Tonys) a prig. I should say it was time that she began to be bored.George and Martha, the quintessentially dysfunctional couple are emotionally trapped by their complyive childhoods, as a consequence they both are exposed to low self image and esteem. The history of the couples past is slowly revealed by Albee to the audience. Martha tells Nick and Honey in Act One that her mother died when she was young and she became very close to her father, she married briefly but her father had the marriage annulled. After college she fell in love with George which she thought would please her father.However George is not the high achiever that would satisfy her father. Martha is a lost Daddys girl who hasnt left can buoy the prospect of his unconditional love. George is also revealed to have had a troubled childhood. The revealed plot of his failed novel where a teenager kills both his parents is later publicised by Martha that George was in fact the teenager in his novel. Although the audience doesnt know whether this is true it does explain Georges guilt about his parents. Albee is suggesting through these parental bonds that human relationships report from human vulnerability.In A Handful of Dust parental roles do not strive in adultous fashionable London. Brenda and Tony are ineffectual as parents and as washbowl Andrew reveals he prefers the groom Ben far more. Waugh uses washbowl Andrew as a satirical tool to expose the falsity of upper class society. He also reveals Tonys ineffectualness in disciplining his son and the emotionless Brenda as a direct contrast to Jenny Abdul Akbar who John Andrew is infatuated by the attentio n she provides him with. John Andrews death acts as a watershed in the novel. For Brenda the death symbolises her last link with Tony and a chance to escape the world she is trapped by and ironically highlights Tony misjudgement as he does not know Brenda so well. As Brenda burst in to tears this is arguably the realisation that she has thought of John Beaver over her own son and goes to the extremes of immorality of Oh thank God when she is told her son has died, not a reaction expected from a mother that has been told her son has died. The death simply signifies the end of the Lasts marriage Dont you see Tony, its all over.Brenda with her manipulative, cat like ways who utilises her female charms to her full advantage and is arguably more responsible for the breakdown of her marriage. As she applies her make up it acts as a symbolic mask to cover up the reality of the deceit. In order to get her flat she sat close to Tony on the sofa and ate some sugar out of his cup and rubbed ag ainst his cheek in the way she had, this tempting way highlights the weakness of men. By getting the flat Tony is compromising the repairs he wants to make to Hetton.On the other hand Waugh suggests that it is Tony that it is pushing Brenda in to a society of adultery. Portrayed as an imprisoned princess in a castle as though a character in a fairytale, Brenda is frustrated by her special(a) role and Beaver acts as a lifeline to get her out of the big house. She is clearly eager for information of London and jokes that have been going around for six weeks. Brenda however stays in control of the marital breakdown. The letter that Brenda leaves is merely a pencil note showing her lack of commitment and respect for Tony. The pencil is symbolic of the marital vows that can easily be erased and irretrievable like death vows Ashes to ashes, dust to dust.Waugh uses Tonys search for a hidden city to show Tonys transition from one period of his life to another. Similarly Brenda moves to Lo ndon in search of a new chapter in her life. Although we can turn over that Tonys decision to go on the exploration shows courage and strength, someone else has planned the trip therefore it is ineffectual. His journey to enlightenment is made in intellectual darkness symbolically leading to his worst nightmare. Added to this the fever he acquires on his journey is representive of his whole life being a grotesque hallucination.Tony had a clear picture in his mind that the city he was searching for would be like a transfigured Hetton illustrating that Tony is still trapped in the past, inspiring pathos from the reader. When Tony is go about with the harsh reality of life, his real world is destroyed. Romanticism can not save Tony from reality, it is not a refuge and cannot save a near truthful man from being sacrificed because of his complacency. Arguable through a number of short scenes in the jungle and London, Waugh is trying to show similarities of the two settings her ladyshi p has gone to live in Brazil both uncivilised worlds are oceans apart yet are both uncivilised and animalistic, inhabited by savages.Religion is an occurring theme in both Albees play and Waugh novel. Albee uses blasphemy Goddam at both the start and end of act one. The audience may not be surprised at this language in the godless environment we are introduced however we are more concerned about Marthas comment that she was an atheist at crop and furthermore the uncertainty of whether she still is. Marriage as a religious bond makes the audience doubt the importance of religion when presented with a sewer of a marriage.Religion is represented through Honeys father although it is corrupted by the mention of him having money which further questions Nicks motives for marrying Honey. At the end of the play the mystery of religion begins when language ends through the use of Jesus Christ. Injuxtaposition Waugh makes little references to religion. Tony attends church on Sundays from whic h he gained great satisfaction. On days of exceptional clearness, the spires of six churches could be seen from Hetton instigating that it is Tony who includes religion in to his life not Brenda. Hetton is a city of romantism and fantasy rather than a city of God.Animal imagery is referred to in both texts, to emphasise the moral crudity of events taking place. As Nick mount(s) (Martha) like a goddam dog in order to gain status, it shows the need to succeed overcomes morality. Martha an earth mother is repellent of the lunk heads who strive for promotion using her in totally pointless infidelities. Waugh however uses animal imagery to further his satirical approach and emphasise the farcical characters. Polly Cockpurse is referred to as being similar to a monkey by John Andrew. Money orientated, she is a predator only acting for her own interests, after rich men for their money. Mrs Beaver similarly extends the satirical animal imagery by suggesting she like a beaver, digging for gossip. Both of these characters are deliberately ridiculous, highlighting the absurdity of the exciting Belgravia backdrop in which these people are created.Similarly Waugh uses pathetic fallacy to emphasise characters emotions and relationships. Directly after commenting on the Lasts marriage, Waugh makes references to the weather around Hetton mist in the hollows and pale blitheness on the hills..the undergrowth was wet, dark in the shadows which directly suggests an ominous feel surrounding the Lasts marriage. When Tony goes In search of a city, Waugh is suggesting that similar to the waves, Tony is plungingin to the black depths. In the same way the sky- over head was neutral and steely with swollen clouds symbolically showing that Tony is exposed in a world that is unclear.However when Tony has a liaison with Thrse de Vitr there was A week of blue water that grew clearer and more tranquil daily, of sun that grew lukewarm presents the idea that Tony is happy although with no clear blue skies he is vulnerable and lost. Likewise as Thrse de Vitr said goodbye to Tony the disconsolate water came to an end and rain fell continuously showing Tonys emotions are as changeable as the weather. The light breeze and brilliant, cool sunshine at Tonys funeral represents that the turbulent emotions have come to an end.In one liquor ridden night Martha and George have been forced to face their worst fears. As Martha chews on her ice cubes the faade in which surrounds there marriage has been chipped away leaving inner truth and emotion that has previously been undisclosed. In the closing scene to the play, the audience endure a feeling of pathos for Martha and George, encouraged by the pace of the dialogue slowing down and the decrease in volume allowing the audience to reflect. The final examination images are of George and Martha left just us in a state of unity. George sings at the end Whos afraid of Virginia Woolf? and Martha replies I am. As the song represents being scared of life without illusion this response shows Martha is scared of a life of reality.In contrast A Handful of Dust ends with a change of proprietor and the ending of the regime of tradition at Hetton that controlled Tony symbolising the end of Brenda and Tonys tumultuous marriage. I agree with Rosa Flannery who suggests the breeding of silver foxes is representative of the new breed of savages that roam England, Waugh is presenting a landscape of deceit and greed which prevails in a materialistic world They lived in pairs some were moderately tame but it was unwise to rely upon them. It is not without sharp irony that Brenda survives, whilst Tony languishes in a.In both texts the marriages presented are encapsulated by societys expectations that they are blinded by illusion. When faced with reality Martha and George can unite, however Tony and Brenda Lasts marriage is as unsubstantial as A Handful of Dust.

The Iroquois Confederacy to Six Nations

Northern Kentucky University The Iroquois Confederacy to sextette Nations Thesis Examine how the Seneca, Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, and Cayuga, and the 1722 addition of the Tuscarora, resulted in the Iroquois Confederacy or Six Nations and their influence on the creation of the Constitution. Nicole Cushingberry Cultural Anthropology Michael Striker December 16, 2011 Nicole Cushingberry Instructor Michael Striker Anthropology 100 The Iroquois Confederacy to Six NationsThe Iroquois Confederacy, also known as fiver Nations or Six Nations after the 1720 inclusion of the Tuscarora, was a collective of tribes that occupied the upper region of New York state around Lake Ontario, Pennsylvania, and Southern Ontario and Quebec. The term Iroquois is an position deviation from a French deviation of an offensive Algonkian (group of Native American Indian languages engrossd from South Carolina to Labrador, Canada and west to the Great Plains) term for authoritative snakes.Originally, the membe rs of the confederacy described themselves as Kanonsionni (compound word kanonsa meaning house and ionni meaning all-embracing) or people of the longhouse whereas today the term Haudenosaunee is used which translates to people building an extended house. The literal meaning of these terms describes the housing arrangement of the Iroquois a dwelling typically 60 feet long (as large as 300 feet long) constructed of young, impressible trees, covered with bark.Historically and by native traditions, Dekanawidah, a Huron tribe member and shaman, is credited with creating the Great virtue of the Iroquois Confederacy, also known as The Great Law of Peace, amid the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Great Law of the Iroquois was communicated orally, believed to be one of the earliest collections of governing principles equivalent to the constitution, and was utilized as a justice system to be applied to tribe members by their chiefs.Chief Hiawatha, an Onondaga living amongst a Moha wk tribe and an equivalent to a modern day politician, was persuaded by Dekanawidah to teach The Great Law of the Iroquois in hopes of eliminating the ongoing conflicts between the tribes resulting in the raiding of villages to obtain captives, retaliation, and murder. Dekanawidah also hoped that by uniting the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca, they would be able to defend themselves against European invasion. Tribal SocietySeveral tribes of the northeastern region spoke the Iroquois language but not all of them were members of the confederacy (at left, map shows the tribes and regions in New York State the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy is shown in red). The Five Nations, was form when the Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, and Seneca agreed to abide by the principles of The Great Law of the Iroquois Confederacy Six Nations was created when the Tuscaroa, a tribe from North Carolina, Requested admittance into the confederacy to gain justification from European col onization oreover, enslavement. The Six Nations of the confederacy is comprised of clan groups of matrilineal descent, with members being part of the mothers family (all members of each clan were related to other clans via the mothers) mechanically at birth and will remain as such for their lifetime. Family kinship was determined by bifurcate merging, with unilineal descent. The Iroquois were matrilocal when a man was selected as being commendable to join their longhouse as a husband by the elder women, after marriage, the couple resided in the longhouse of womans birth.Though women were in the position of power unremarkably held by men, they did not dominate the society. The most senior woman lead her clan and was charged with the naming of children, working her advisors to elect a chief to correspond the clan and remove him if he did not meet his obligations, regimen production and distribution, making clo involvement, participating in medicinal groups, and as a pastime, took part in gambling. Men were responsible for hunting, managing military tasks, fighting in wars, and acting as a representative, if selected, of his longhouse.The Iroquois mode of subsistence was agriculturally based society, which their staple crops being corn, squash, and beans. Their diet was enhanced by gathering fruit, roots, and nuts some of which was often dried for later use. During hunting season, the men trapped squirrels, rabbits, beaver and hunted bears and deer. They traded goods such as pipes, beaded clothing, furs, and food items. Religion consisted in devotion to The Great Spirit, creator of the world. All things in the Iroquois existence were taken care of by the spirits of the trees, plants, wind, rain, and other aspects of nature.They believed that a world of supernatural powers existed, with both good and evil entities and felt these spirits could alter the course of their lives. The religious specialists of the Iroquois were known as the Keepers of the Faith and w ere male or female and held the position part-time. The keepers were selected by the elders and were tasked with arranging and conducting religious ceremonies, such as funerals or fighting illness and disease. Constitutional Influence The main authors of the Constitution of the unite States, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, were highly influence and inspired by the principles of the Six Nations.Iroquois chiefs were invited to the Continental Congress Hall where on June 11, 1776, the focus of discussion was on the base of independence. The chiefs presented a speech that detailed an on-going friendship between the Iroquois and the new Americans, and this relationship would only continue if both groups acted as one people, and have one watch. There are many similarities between the constitution and the principles of the Iroquois. Researchers Vine Deloraia, Bruce Johnson, and Donald Grind have found that the very foundation of both sets of principles mirror each ther (Johansen 199879) life, liberty, and happiness (Declaration of Independence) authorities by reason and consent rather than coercion (Albany Plan and Articles of Confederation) religious tolerance (and ultimately religious acceptance) instead of a state church checks and balances federalism (U. S. Constitution) and congress equality of property, equal rights before the law, and the thorny problem of creating a government that can rule equitably across a broad geographic chimneysweeper (Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution). Native America had a substantial role in shaping all of these ideas. Payne 1996607, quoting Grinde and Johansen, examples of Liberty, xx) Further, Johansen found that Franklin was using quotes from the Onondaga and advising Americans in their ill feeling towards England Our reckless ancestors established union and amity between the five nations. This has made us formidable. This has given us great weight and authority with our neighboring nations. We are a powerful Confederacy, and by your observing the same methods our wise ancestors have taken you will acquire much strength and power therefore, whatever befalls you, do not fall out with one another. Johansen 19988) In closing, to think that the Constitution of the United States is based upon the life principles of a group of people once thought to be savages, is both a revelation and a disappointment. It is truly amazing that some many people with a common language can come in concert as one group for the benefits of all socially, economically, and for the protection against a common enemy. The people of the Six Nations lived lives based on survival rather than greed by our current day definition.However, what I find disappointing and disheartening, is the fact that we as Americans came to this country to escape oppression from the crown. Yet upon arrival in this new land, we human action and do the similar oppressive acts to the Native Americans. We called them savages and treat ed them as if they occupied a status lower than animals, yet we base the very document that makes use Americans on their life principles. A statement by issued during a discussion at Albany Franklin summarizes my point of view It would be a strange thing f Six Nations of ignorant savages should be capable of forming such a union and be able to execute it in such a vogue that it has subsisted ages and appears indissoluble, and yet that a like union should be impractical for ten or a dozen English colonies, to whom it is more necessary and must be more advantageous, and who cannot be supposed to want an equal understanding of their interest. Works Cited Daly, Janet. Iroquois constitution united states. IPOAA Magazine. Social Science Journal, n. d. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. . Hale, Horatio. Iroquois Book of Rites Index. Internet inspirational Text Archive Home. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Dec. 2011. . Iroquois Confederacy (American Indian confederation) Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclo pedia Britannica Online Encyclopedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. . Kahionhes Fadden, John. Chp 8 A New Chapter, Images of native America in the writings of Franklin, Jefferson, and Paine, Exemplar Of Liberty. rat haus reality, ratical branch. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. . Malinowski, Sharon, Anna J. Sheets, and Linda Schmittroth. UAXAL encyclopedia of Native American tribes.Detroit UAXAL, 1999. Print. Myers, Merlin G.. Households and families of the Longhouse Iroquois at Six Nations Reserve. Lincoln University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, 2006. Print. New York Indian Tribes and Languages. Native American Language Net Preserving and promoting indigenous American Indian languages. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Dec. 2011. . Understanding Haudenosaunee Culture-1. siege of Syracuse Peace Council. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Dec. 2011. .

Essay One Description and Narration Essay

Anyone who has ever achieved anything has had to face many obstacles to accomplish their goals. But what defines their achiever is never how many obstacles stand in their way, but how many obstacles they overcome. Even though I might have to overcome many tough obstacles in order to conk a law of nature officer, I believe that it is important to protect the public and prevent crime. In order to gain a spatial relation in the police force, I will have to pass various examinations, such as a written exam that will be found on correct wording, grammar, spelling and punctuation. In my opinion, this exam seems pretty easy beca routine I am good in language arts and reading. Perhaps whenever it comes my era to take this examination, I will ace it. The police academy training also prepares police officers for active duty. The training probably has to be the hardest obstacle for me because it requires importunate physical workouts.The first workweek in training I will have to run, an d do calisthenics, which consists of push-ups, crunches, and jumping jacks. I will also have to use the medicine ball to do sit-ups, twist and hand offs, curls presses and extended workouts. Each week I will have to do the sets and reps for these physical workouts and each week the exercises double , so I will have to do double the work. Finding the job as a police officer will by all odds be the second hardest obstacle. There will be a lot of competition in order for me to get into police training. In the past, becoming a police officer was not as difficult as it is today. One of themain reasons that getting a police officer jobs is more difficult now, is that in that location are many more applicants than there used to be.Once I am a police officer, I can move into other areas similar medicate investigation. If I become a drug investigator I will have to have five or more years of police experience. Police dog services, also known as K9s is another advancement that I am intere sted. As K-9 handler I must be able to perform specific tasks with my dog, such as bomb and narcotic detection, human tracking, and finding hidden objects. Or even an explosives disposal technician, which are specialize in training to handle chemical, biological and even nuclear weapons. Out of all these three options, the main one that catches my attention has to be a drug investigator. Hopefully when I have a lot of experience in the police force I can work my way up and become a drug investigator or even a police k-9. It will also be personally gratifying to protect the public.

“Lifting the Veil: Understanding the Roots of Islamic Militancy” by Henry Munson Essay

The denomination discussed the reasons behind Muslim hostility towards the join States. The article first appeared in Harvard International Review, Winter 2004, pp. 20-23. Author Henry Munson focused on the reasons why Islamic militance, light-emitting diode by Osama bin Laden, continues to take its toll despite United States efforts through its come outside(prenominal) policy to eradicate such violence. Munson stated that US might want to look at and reflect on their external policies, which causes a good deal to a greater extent hostility instead of diluting the rage that fuels Islamic militancy. Moreover, he noted that Muslim extremists also need to look at and reflect on the cosmea and perpetuation of hatred in their society that causes them to support militant and violent efforts leading to to a greater extent chaos or war. Muslims hostility towards the United States is caused by the latter(prenominal)s foreign policies. Zogby Internationals February and March 2003 surve y of 2,620 men and women from Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Saudi Arabia revealed that their unfavorable attitude towards the US is primarily fueled by its foreign policy and has nothing to do with their let cultural or religious values. other Zogby International survey in summer 2001 held that more than 80 percentage of respondents from Egypt, Kuwait, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia viewed the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as one of the three important issues that affects them. A survey of Muslim opinion leaders done by the Pew inquiry Center for the People and the Press in December 2001 found that US position in this conflict is the main reason for Muslim hostility towards the US.Another report from Pew released on June 3, 2003, titled Views of Changing World June 2003, found that Muslim hostility towards the US has increased from 2002 to 2003. This report, done shortly after the spend of Saddam Hussein, proved that the Bush administrations war on terror has caused a signific ant rise in why Muslims feel more hostile towards the US.Another Zogby International poll in 2003 found that most Arabs believed the reason behind US attack on Iraq is because of Iraqi oil reserves and US plan of helping Israel. This belief exacerbated fear from 70 percent of Israelis, Pakistanis, and Turks.According to a 2003 Pew report, they are distressed or somewhat worried of a possible US attack to their countries. This finding is linked to another 2003 Pew report that revealed that over half of respondents in Indonesia, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority and or so half of respondents in Morocco and Pakistan named Osama bin Laden as one of the three world figures to whom they had confidence in doing the right thing.Understanding the roots of Islamic militancy is understanding Osama bin Ladens roots. His hostility began when infidels occupied a Muslim land. This worsened when US deployed troops in Saudi Arabia, leading him to miscarry two US embassies in Africa in 1998, a nd then directly attacking the US in 9/11. Despite this, 95 percent of educated Saudis support him, as referenced by a New York Times article on January 27, 2002.With all these facts and figures, Munson stressed the need for both the US and the Islamic militants to see their stands and beliefs because instead of easing the situation, it just keeps on getting worse.I agree with Munsons contention that both sides need to look at and reflect on their own stands, beliefs, and plans, instead of looking at each others mistakes and blaming one another for having a different culture. However, do we see this happening anytime in short or in the near future perhaps? I do not remember so because it seems impossible for each side to regard the others side as well as the side of the innocent ones that have been shattered and willing be shattered because of war.It is easy to point out what needs to be done, however it is so difficult to realize this especially if each side is consumed and dedi cated to pursuing its personal end. I do not want to sound pessimistic but probably no God or Allah will prevent future wars because as long as mankind remain dissatisfied and selfish, wars are here to stay.Summary of Blowback Revisited Todays Insurgents in Iraq are Tomorrows Terrorists by Peter Bergen and Alec Reynolds The article contended that the foreign volunteers fighting against United States troops in Iraq will find new targets around the world after the war ceases, just like how global mujahideen, who were drawn in the Afghan conflict, found new attacks that culminated in the 9/11 blowback. The article first appeared in Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, No. 6, November/December 2005, pp. 2-6. Authors Bergen and Reynolds bolstered their railway line by enumerating several examples of where blowbacks were felt, which rooted in the Soviet-Afghan conflict. Foreign volunteers in Afghanistan regarded the Soviet defeat as Muslim victory that gave them legitimacy and prestige, as well a s opportunity to declare jihad or holy war to Muslim countries they think needed their assistance. For instance, Armed Islamic Group (GIA) murdered thousands of Algerians in the nineties in its attempt to overthrow the government and re deposit it with an Islamist command. Moreover, in Egypt, after the 1981 assassination of President Anwar Sadat, hundreds of extremists left the country to train in the Afghan war. When they came back, they led a terror campaign between 1990 and 1997 that killed thousands of people.Egyptian Cleric Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman, who was said to have inspired Sadats assassins, supported the Afghan jihad and advance his two sons to fight the war. He even provided spiritual direction to terrorist group Jamaat al-Islamiyya. Furthermore, he encouraged attacks on New York City landmarks and was sentenced to life imprisonment for attack the World get by Center in 1993. However, Jamaat al-Islamiyyas 1997 attack at an archaeological site in Luxor, Egypt forced hi s release. But the most famous alumnus of the Afghan jihad happens to be Osama bin Laden, who carried jihad beyond the mettle East into the United States, Europe, Africa, and Southeast Asia. US presence in Saudi Arabia caused his base of operationss grievance, leading him to attack two embassies in Africa in 1998, nearly sinking U.S.S. Cole in Yemen in 2000, and finally attacking the World Trade Center and Pentagon in 2001. The Afghan experience enabled these militants to be trained in warfare and tactics, meet other like-minded militants, and therefore create and inspire a myriad of extremist organizations all over the world. This is what Bergen and Reynolds predict to take event with the foreign fighters in Iraq war only this time it will be more dangerous. This is because foreign fighters have been battle-hardened, have undergone more rigorous training, and have more knowledge on effective tactics and techniques. Bergen and Reynolds also stressed the possibility that foreign i nvolvement in the Iraqi war will encourage Iraqi nationals to become international terrorists. Since they are culturally closer to the foreigners in Iraq, they may think of continuing jihad once US troops move out.With US efforts, only a finite number of terrorists can be lured into one place and killed. Moreover, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld already stressed that US lacks metrics to know if they are winning or losing the war and the Bush administration has not rattling dwell on the problem of what the foreign fighters can do after the war. With all these, a blowback against US and its allies in Europe and Middle East is rightly expected.If blowback happened after the Afghan conflict, much of the blame should be placed on the US government and the Arab money for funding the war. in a flash if blowback will happen again, who is to be blamed but the ones who funded the war. It is frustrating that because of all these terrorism and attacks, a lot of innocent lives are destroy ed. But it is not only they, the ones torn by the bombings and gunshots, who are victims to these senseless battles. Muslims all over the world are torn by the judgment, name calling, and paranoia of some cultures that fear the own snake they have unleashed. The United States will never know if it has won or lost in the Iraqi war and in the future wars it will be involved in, because the fact is, in a war nobody wins. Everybody is a loser.

Earth Buddies

ANALYSIS The five partners i. e. Rabie, Harary, Varadi, Michelle and Austin form what we call a team. A team is a small number of citizenry with complementary skills who are committed to a common objective and are accountable to one another. This common purpose was to make Earth Buddies and the company a success. The Five-Stage Model can be used to describe the standard sequence of stages that groups go through. These are forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning.However, for the five partners, performing will be the stopping point stage for development as it is a permanent workgroup. Once these stages are achieved, the team learns to disband conflicts and develop norms which enable them to perform. Because of the teams ability to resolve conflicts in friendly ways and perform, they made Earth Buddies a huge success in a relatively short span. Each individual had their role. The roles were twain task-oriented (initiating, clarifying, providing info and opinions) and maintenance roles (harmonizing, compromising, encouraging).When balanced well, these two roles contribute to effective team functioning. When meetings took place between the five partners, these two roles were playing a significant part. This helped them to lenify focused towards the objectives and also resolve conflicts if any. Motivation and leadership have also played a vital role in the success of the product. Production grew to 17,000 buddies a day from 5,000 buddies. The goal was to achieve 16,000 to meet K Marts order. The executive team worked well with the employees and motivated them to work towards the common goal.

Tunnel connection

An ethical hacker is a person who performs most of the same activities a cracker does, but with the owner or companys permission. T 2. Even though the Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CHIPS) certification is not geared toward the technical IT professional, it has become one of the standards for many security professionals. F 3. To retrieve email from a mail server, you most likely access port 119. T 4.An octal flesh can be represented with only three bits because the largest digit in octal is seven. T 5. A hex number is written with two characters, each representing a byte. 6. Macro viruses are hard to create. 7. Computer crime is the fastest growing type of crime worldwide. 8. To limit the amount of information a company makes public, you should have a good understanding of what a opponent would do to discover confidential information. _F 9. The HTTP CONNECT method starts a remote application-layer Lubbock of the request message. 0. A Entries name does not ne ed to be unique on a web. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. C 11. Hacking Security testing b. Cracking takes penetration testing to a higher level. D. Packet sniffing A 12. Some hackers are skillful computer operators, but others are younger inexperienced people who experienced hackers refer to as script kiddies packet snifters repetition monkeys crackers D 13.The International Council of Electronic Commerce Consultants (SEC- Council) has developed a certification designation called . A. Compact Security+ exercise professional security -rested (POST) Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CHIPS) Certified Ethical Hacker (CUE) A 14. The Stamina,Audit,Network, Security (SANS) Institute offers training and IT security certifications by dint of Global Information Assurance Certification (IAC) can be created that welcomes new users Joining a chat session, D 15. A even though a person isnt actually present to we lcome them. . Byte switch packet boot can replicate itself, usually through an executable program B 16. A attached to an e-mail. A. Shell Kellogg virus retrofit _C 17. Which of the following provides the most secure method of securing a companys assets? A. Rotary locks card access combination locks deadbolt locks D 18. Can be used to gather information useful for computer criminals, like many phone directories, financial reports, interoffice memos, resumes of employees, etc. A. Shoulder surfing Piggybacking footstep Dumpster diving _C 19.In an JACK scan, if the attacked port returns an REST packet the attacked port is considered to be open unfiltered closed unassigned Completion Complete each statement. 20. In the transmission control protocol/IP stack, the _ Transport_ layer is responsible for getting data packets to and from the Application layer by using port numbers. In addition to a unique network address, each network must be assigned 21. A(n) _subnet which helps distinguish the network address bits from the host dress bits. Mallard is malicious software, such as a virus,worm, or Trojan program, introduced to a network for Just that reason. 3. Antivirus software compares signatures of known viruses against the files on the computer if theres a match, the software warns you that the program or file is infected. 24. In computer Jargon, the process of finding information on a companys network is called _footprint_ 25. The HTTP HTTP(S) method is used with a proxy that can dynamically switch to a tunnel connection, such as Secure Socket Layer (SSL). 26. What makes the _ Opens_ tool unique is the ability to update security heck plug-ins when they become available. 27.To take care what resources or shares are on a network, security testers must first determine what services footprint. Is being used via port scanning and 28. Nesses can be used to enumerate Windows Joss, as well as Linux systems. 29. RPC stands for Short Answer Remote Procedure Call . 30. How can DNS be used for footprint? DNS uses name servers to resolve names. After you determine what name server a company is using, you can attempt to transfer all the records for which the DNS server is responsible. This process, called a zone transfer, can be done with the wear upon

Trade vs. Protectionism

Arjan Chhatwal Poli 305/4 ID 6178332 International Political Economy Prof. E. Bloodgood betray vs. Protectionism exchange between countries has been going on for centuries. Movement of goods and services began as a mean for nations to obtain what they couldnt produce themselves.With the introduction of Ricardos comparative usefulness which illustrated how whole countries that get outicipate in bargain gain ground from it-, workmanship began to focus on what a state is better at producing a product or a service and which country female genitals produce it at a lower cost. Nowadays, actual countries and external organization bear on desolate slyness, uncivil b holy orders, and relaxation behavior of the marketplace place intensively. However, many of those means countries also institutionalize nourishionism in order to eggshell their industry from contrary competition.This poses a great problem to maturation countries which ar constrained by means countries to practice withd knifelike dish out exclusively would actu exclusivelyy benefit from protectionist measures. In order to even up this mooring, I exit analyze the frugal situation of two countries with rattling different economies Pakistan, representing the developing countries and the linked States, which represent the developed countries. I volition comp atomic number 18 their economic situation and policies under the crotch hair brass and Musharafs government.In this essay, I will demonstrate that our international economic system is very hypocritical in the signified that the countries that would benefit from and inspection and repair different countries by practicing surplus trade are practicing protectionism, and those who would benefit from protectionism are forced to implement clear trade policies. First, I will observe and describe those two main economic policies protectionism and scanty trade.Then I will concentrate on the economic situation in Pakista n and the United States in order to illustrate what use countries are making of free trade and protectionism and, on the other hand, what impertinence they are showing to the world. rationalize Trade A Market Model of Deregulation Free trade is a market model which put forwards trade liberalization by the reduction of trade barriers. This model was promoted by the economist David Ricardo in the late 18th century and beginning of the 19th century. He coined the comparative advantage theory. Comparative advantage is a theory that promotes free trade by demonstrating how trade between countries benefits all parties because of the different opportunity costs. Every country send packing produce a good at a cheaper price than another country and has to focus on producing and merchandiseing that particular good. If all countries do so and specialize in the production of the good that is cheaper to produce in their country, they can trade those products with each other at lower costs t han if they produced all of the goods themselves.Practicing free trade means the abandonment of government restrictions in the flow of goods, workers and services across borders. Those restrictions include assesses, quotas, dutys, and subsidies. This economic model is based on deregulation and on the elimination of binding rules on corporations. Free trade also prohibits government to give financial advantages to businesses by means of with(predicate) tax cuts in order to make them to a great extent than competitive against foreign industries. This results in the elimination of monopolies and oligopolies in countries by allowing replete(p) competition.However, negative outcomes of economic deregulation includes less respect and commitment to health, labor, and environmental laws and can assistant multinationals outfence smaller topical anesthetic industries. Another important aspect of the free trading model is the precept of Most Favored state of matter which basically re quires all members of trading harmonys to treat other members equally. Nowadays, the biggest promoter of Free Trade is the terra firma Trade Organization, which claims that removing trade barriers would pencil lead to the end of poverty to a greater extent or less the world.The WTO argues that in impedance to free trade, protectionism doesnt answer promoting economic expansion. Free trade policies, it is argued by the WTO and major developed countries, promote growth. The free trade model is used by the WTO to rescue developing countries and help them develop economically more efficiently. This means that in order to pay back money from the WTO, developing countries are required to ensue modification policies, also k now as structural adjustments. Those policies all push towards economic liberalization.They include keen back on social spending, devaluation of the currency, trade liberalization, removing price control and subsidies and privatization, better governance and e limination of corruption. The WTO argues that the benefits that the countries will get from free trade outweigh those costs, which include poverty and environmental costs just to frame a few. The WTO actually admits that in the short-term, free trade will lead to inequalities but in the end, the wealthiness accumulated by the big businesses will trickle down and closely populate will benefit from the free trade model.However, as J. W. smith argues That current free trade is just as anisometric as the mercantilist trade it replaced is easily demonstrated. The structural adjustments enforce upon weak nations as requisite for free trade are the opposite policies under which every successful nation developed. That they developed under the philosophies of Adam Smith is a myth designed to hide a continuation of plunder through unequal trades. 1 The problem here is that, more and more, the developed countries who promote free trade actually practice protectionism.The problem is tha t free trade can however lead to fair trade if every country practices it, especially core countries that take hold the means to practice free trade. Nowadays, however, developed countries promote free trade and force developing countries to practice it but they themselves hypocritically practice protectionism. This penalizes sad countries who are not ready for the global market yet. It is also often noted that even if poor countries practice free trade, it wont necessary lead to major successes.It obviously results in higher income but social inequalities remain in most cases. This can be called Growth without social teaching, and free trade is obviously not understand this tendency. Protectionism A Regulatory Economic Policy Protectionism is an economic policy which restricts trade between countries by peremptory economic barriers and policies. We usually tend to believe that protectionism is only a question of obligations. However, government do have ccess to many other to ols to protect their industries, including quotas, government regulations such(prenominal) as anti-dumping laws to protect domestic industries from competition of foreign enterprises, trade restrictions and exchange rate manipulation. Those policies make the production of goods cheaper for the industry that is granted the money or the invidious treatment. Domestic industries can therefore sell their product outside of the country for cheaper. In that perspective, pprotectionism is an isolationist doctrine which, some argue, leads to cheating(prenominal) competition.The main goal of protectionism is to handicap foreign industry. This economic model is associated with neo-mercantilism, which main design is to maintain a positive trade balance. Protectionism is often practiced by countries that seem to be free-traders, such as the United States and the UK, in order to protect their favorite or powerful industries. Rich countries protectionism includes subsidies to local anaestheti c industries such as agriculture and textiles.Core countries have the funds to practice that kind of protectionism while developing countries that would actually benefit from protectionism are asked to deregulate their scrimping. UNCTAD estimated that rolling back productive country protectionism in this area could create additional export earnings of up to $700 billion for developing countries, to be realiz adequate to(p) over a 10-year period. This is less than 5 per cent of the combined GDP of industrial countries, but could absorb an important part of unemployed grok in the southwesterly and generate a vent for surplus2.It is often argued that developed countries are winning away from developing countries what helped them develop their own sparing protectionism policies. Protectionism is necessary to economic development in the experience that it helps trope a strong foundation for a strong preservation. Protectionism is essential for any developing countries to help th eir infant industries develop become mature and competitive for the international market.It is hard for countries to enter market if they are forced to practice free trade they may need help of protectionism policies in order to protect their infant new industries. The United States economy is a perfect warning of what rich countries protectionism is. By examining its situation, it is calorie-free to understand how developed countries show the face of a free trading nation but practice protectionism interiorly. The United States The Face of a Free Trading Nation?The United States have always been a model of a Free Trade economy and have always promoted economic liberalization all around the world. When we observe the countrys practices and economic policies from the outside, it is clear that the ground forces is a firm truster in free trade. Indeed, the country is involved in many free trade agreements all around the world. Those include Free Trade agreements with Australia (200 4), CAFTA-DR (2005), with numerous Latin American countries such as Chile (2004) and capital of South Carolina (2006), without forgetting NAFTA (1994).United States take great pride in its participation in international trade and promoting free trade between countries. Presently, international trade is primordial to the economy of the country and accounts for around a quarter of the USAs GDP as it was mentioned by the Conference on a New Architecture for the U. S. guinea pig Accounts in 2004. Governmental economists all agree that Free trade agreements are necessary in order to promote rapid economic growth by increasing competition, cooperation between countries, and specialization.The United States follows Germany as the guerilla most economically open country in the world. Inside a Free Trading Nation A Hidden Protectionist Economy The United States takes good pride in proclaiming themselves as a non-discriminatory economy and a promoter of open global markets. While USA gives the image to the world of being a pure liberal economy, the country practices protectionism regularly, which shocks many trading partners and developing countries. This can be called the problem of the figure of speech Standard.Rich countries promote the free trade ideology but in practice, they protect their own industry. This situation of double standard and of the USA promoting free trade but practicing protectionism was explained by the eleventh president of the humanity desire, Robert Zoellick In order to promote free trade, the US has to manage the firm front and the international front. And on the home front the only way that we can continue to get support from the American people for open markets and trade is to use our domestic and international laws to the fullest. 3For a society that calls itself a free-trading one, it is quite teetotal and even hypocrite that, in 2002, Bush announced the imposition of new tariffs on several influential industries such as the steel i ndustry and the agricultural sector. While developing countries, in order to amuse foreign investors and international economic agencies, keep on lowering their trade barriers, the USA has, over the cultivation two years, increase its subsidies to farmers, raised tariffs on steel imports, and still hasnt concur to sign the WTO agreement to the patent rights of its pharmaceutical companies.Since the election of George W. Bush, the economy of the United States has proven to be quite protectionist The steel tariff and the farm bill attracted the most attention, but they are part of a broader picture that includes the punitive (and roughly completely unjustified) tariff on Canadian softwood lumber and the revocation of Caribbean trade privileges. When it comes to free trade, the Bush administration is all for it unless there is some political cost, however small, to honoring its alleged principles4Let us judge more in details the three most important policies of the last decade th at can help us understand how the United States is giving an image of a free-trade economy but is actually practicing protectionism. The first-year and very striking example of this protectionism is the Bush administration deciding to protect its steel industry which has been face up very important economic problems because of the European Union competition. The second example would be the case of the gondola industry. The Japanese automobile industry has always been a strong competitor for the USA industry.This is why the United States imposed, from In May 1981, with the American auto industry mired in recession, Japanese car makers agreed to limit exports of passenger cars to the United States. This voluntary export restraint (VER) program, initially supported by the Reagan administration, allowed only 1. 68 million Japanese cars into the U. S. each year. The cap was raised to 1. 85 million cars in 1984, and to 2. 30 million in 1985, before the program was terminated in 1994. 5 The Farm Bill of 2002 also reflects very well the protectionist tendencies of the country.This Bill distributed more than $190 billion to USA farmers and agriculture businesses around the country, and this over the succeeding(a) 10 years. This Bill was passed in order to help the agricultural sector overcome the difficulties it faced due to international competition. Those subsidies will make it harder for foreign producers to compete against the agricultural industry Third World producers will meet it harder to sell to the US market and, since the USA exports 25 per cent of its farm production, they will find it harder to sell in other international markets or to resist competition from US products in their home markets.The disposal of increased US surpluses as food aid is likely to compound the loss of livelihoods. 6 While rich countries such as the United States can afford to practice protectionism, developing nations are forced to open their economy to free trade. Pakistan, the second country we will analyze in this essay is the perfect example of a country that would benefit from protectionism policies but is forced to liberalize their economy in order to receive funds from the WTO.The United States and Pakistan have been interacting on the international scene since the late 1950s, soon after Pakistans independence. This relationship has been successful but has also suffered from intermittent political conflicts, which reflects pretty well the complexity of the geopolitics of South East Asian surface area. After the events of September 11, Pakistan and the United States became even closer than before because the Bush administration relied on the help of Musharrafs military dictatorship to eliminate terrorism in the region, mainly in Afghanistan which has a common border with Pakistan.The main difference between the United States during its early stage of development (1880s) and Pakistans development phase (late 1990s, 21st century) is that the United States werent dominated and repressed economically by major powers and international trade organization such as the IMF and the WTO, imposing economic liberalization and tariff limits on them. The United States werent subject to neo-colonialism like Pakistan is today. Protectionism in Pakistan A Focus on the material Industry South Asia has long been seen as one of the most protectionist region in the world.As the World Bank states in the calculations of the GDP growth rates in the World Development Indicators, trade indoors the region accounts for less than 2% of the GDP which is minimal compared to 20% in East Asia. The region lacks diversity within the market and the products that are traded. In addition, most countries of the region, including Pakistan, still used up until recently import- central policies which limited trade possibilities within the region and outside the region. Trade was also hampered by political tensions, especially between India and Pakistan.Protectioni sm is Pakistan is in general directed towards one of the most important industry in the country the textile industry which accounts for more than 60% of the countrys exports. Pakistan under Musharraf saw the introduction of few protectionist policies concentrated towards this influential industry. In the policy speech of 2005-2006, the Minister of Commerce announced that all textile exporters that would register their products with Pakistani Trade marks in foreign countries for export purposes will be provided subsidy equal to 50% of ordained fees of such registrations. 7. Support to this important industry was instituted to help local businesses improve the quality of their product and compete against foreign industries in order to increase the Pakistanis textile industrys market share. This protectionist policy was vagabond in practice to reassure the industry, which was afraid after the quota restrictions were removed in 2005. It was also introduced to protect the industry fro m potential job losses and the loss of potential export if the textile industry wouldnt reinvent itself.The 2005-2006 trade policy speech focused on alleviating costs for Pakistanis businesses in order to make the local industries more competitive on the international scene. Protectionism can also be practiced in the stress of tax exemption for local industries. Musharafs government in the Federal Budget of 2005-2006 granted tax cuts to prominent industries in the country, including textile industry, sports goods, carpet industry, leather, and surgical instruments. In addition, the imports of necessary materials for these industries are also exempted from duties.Pakistans Economy A Forced Free Trading nation Trade liberalization in Pakistan began in the late 1980s and developed even more during the 1990s under Musharrafs military government. Today, Pakistan is part of various trade agreements, all leading to economic liberalization. Those include the Pakistan-Malaysia Free Trade Ag reement, Pakistan-China Free Trade Agreement, Pakistan-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement, Pakistan-Malaysia Early Harvest Program, Pakistan-China Early Harvest Program and Pakistan-Iran agreement.When I briefly presented free trade, I mentioned the growth without development problem that developing countries face nowadays. This is a tendency to grow economically but without promoting social development. It is the result of free trade and is perfectly well illustrated by Pakistans situation. The more recent budget of Pakistan is mirrors this tendency, by showing commitment to neo-liberal policies, IMF led-policies. The budget focuses on pleasing the developed countries and on macro-economics rather than on developing the country itself. The budget focuses on the military which accounts for 20% and repaying the debt, 31%.Trade liberalization has been, since Musharrafs entry in power, another priority within the budget. As the World Bank argues, liberalizing the Pakistanis economy would l ead to an increase of 8$ billion if trade barriers were lifted. Annual trade between India and Pakistan, the bulk of which is routed through Dubai, is currently estimated at US$1 billion, but could be as great as US$9 billion if barriers are lifted. 8 In 1999, the Asian Development Bank granted a ccc$ million loan to support the Governments Trade, Export Promotion and Industry (TEPI) Program.This program was approved by the ADB, the World Bank and the IMF because it was based on liberalization of trade in Pakistan. TEPI is based on the elimination of nontariff barriers and on the increased access for exporters to the Pakistani market. This program was basically created to end import substitution policies and promote exports by giving as many advantages to local industries as to foreign companies. This program focuses on the privatization of industries and meets all criteria state by the World Bank concerning quotas, subsidies, and customs.This facilitates foreign investors and prom otes economic growth, proven by the fact that After more than three decades of near stagnation in per-capita incomes during 195080, South Asia showed signs of growth beginning in the 1980s that quicken in the 1990s and beyond. 9 Pakistans economy used to be based on import substitution and was very little diversified. Taking into consideration those obstacles to trade, the Pakistani ministry of Commerce instituted a program based on diversification of exports and market opening night for an increased access to facilitate trade.Pakistani economy has continuously followed WTO required adjustment of liberalization in order to remove trade barriers and obstacles to import. Following the WTO rhetoric, the government argues in favor of opening the market because in order to increase its exports, the country has to encourage imports as well as state in the trade policy speech of 2005-2006 It must be realized that no country has been able to enhance its exports significantly without libe ralizing its import regime. 10 Following this path, exports did increase consistently as well as imports which reached $20. 23 billion at the end of last year according to that same Trade Policy Speech. The chaff that we face after having analyzed the economic situation of both countries is that the now-developed countries benefited during their development from an active state that helped them build their industries and protect. As the 1995 OECD Report showed, developed countries achieved growth starting in the 1950s under very protectionist states. The new growth in per capita income in several developed countries during the period 1950-1973, was also achieved under activist states.When they followed the bad policies of establishing full welfare states with stricter financial market regulations, corporatist wage bargaining institutions, investment co-ordination and in some cases nationalized industries, even the now developed countries saw an exponential increase in their own gr owth. 11 However, countries that wish to develop nowadays are required not only to practice free trade but not to use protectionism policies. This is unfair in the sense that they have to develop in an environment that doesnt promote or help their growth.Developing countries would benefit and even need higher tariffs and trade barriers in order to protect their industry from the more and more competitive and aggressive trading environment. This current tendency is referred to as kicking away the go. Core countries act the way they do to ensure their domination over developing nations and keep the poor countries in a vicious circle, as they remain dependant on export of primary and raw materials, not being able to move up the trade ladder. This harms developing countries that struggle in this free trade world economy.In addition, imposing free trade on developing nations actually illustrates the focus of the WTO on short-term benefits and forgetting about the importance of long-term goals such as deepening the industrialization of the periphery countries. The imposed policies of the WTO prevent the developing countries of using protectionist policies to help their industries develop. Several experiences have already proven that the pressures to liberalize countries economy can do more harm than good to new economies.Nonetheless, the WTO continues to force developing countries to open their market and reduce their trade barriers. Liberalization and free trade, although they have great outcomes for developed countries, also lead to greater distinction between the core and the periphery. According to one estimate, the Uruguay Rounds combined liberalization increased global economic welfare by $75 billion, of which almost $70 billion went to developed countries, $5 billion to Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs Korea, Singapore and Taiwan), and none to developing countries taken together. 12. Even with such numbers, developing countries are still forced to join the free trade movement and the WTO and developed countries continue to promote the benefits of free trading. Today, while the IMF and the WTO force developing countries around the world to practice free trade by reducing trade barriers, Pakistan included, the USA keeps on to implementing protectionist policies in order to save industries in danger or suffering from temporary discomfort.This leads to a greater gap between the productivity of developed and developing countries. The component that is important to note here is that todays developed countries once protected their industries behind protectionist policies, but are now promoting free trade in countries that are trying, just like they did, to succeed economically. The developed countries of today reached their economic prosperity through protectionism economic policies, and then started practicing free trade.This irony now rules international trade. It is clear that there is a problem concerning trade between countries in t he sense that there is an inequality in the terms of trade imposed on developed countries and developing countries. Free trade can only lead to prosperity if all countries benefit from equal treatment. Even then however free trade can lead to economic prosperity but wont necessarily lead to social development, which is what developing countries need the most.