The Introduction To Ecommerce Information Technology Essay

The Introduction To E barter Information Technology EssayIn the 19th century mercantile system was affected by the development of rail system which reduced the cost of shipping and let seller sell his produces around the country rather than in one region and helped the country to develop a national system of trade. It in any case led the creation of national daily newspaper, weekend holidays and improved the nations health by making perishable goods such as fresh fish and fruits more widely accessible.The process repeated this meter electronic commerce affected the commerce by cutting the cost of transportation of discipline, and by letting the seller to introduce his products worldwide rather than nationwide by the later crash of Twentieth century1.In the early 60s and 70s when mankind was trying to find and develop fast message to travel and communication, the vocation developers introduced Electronic commerce (E-com) for the business efficacy. However, the use was limit ed to still business to business (B2B) transitions which were Electronic data interchange( EDI) and Electronic funds beam (EFT). By late 1991 when profits became widely available for commercial purposes, consumers also realized the usefulness of E-commerce and so started taking advantages of E-commerce. As a result, today thousands of businesses have been taken to websites.E-commerce is called as New Economy for moderne world which is created by using digital technology changing our societies drastically in terms of business transactions, services, transfer of information and online shopping. As Kevin Kelly describes2Its global it favors nonphysical things- ideas, information, and relationships. And it is intensely interlinked. These attributes produce a new type of marketplaces and society, one that is rooted in ubiquitous electronic networks3If simply defined, E-commerce is about exchange of digitized information amidst parties4which can be ordering of goods and services as well the control of their f crushed, making contracts and sharing information instantaneously from one part of the world to other and this can be held between consumer to consumer, business to consumer and business to business.These days people relate internet with e-commerce which is a wrong perception It is the most popularly use means these days but according to the World Trade Organization,5E-commerce can be used by using telephone, the fax, the television, electronic payment and money transfer system, Data interchange and the internet.6Considering the above statement, any transaction, any order of goods and requesting of services by using any of the above six instruments falls under the means of E-commerce.There is no precise definition of e-commerce as it changes according to its evolving role. At the beginning of the new millennium in 2002, another definition came which defined it as any business transaction concerning goods and services, where participants are not in same p hysical location and communicate though electronic means7Hence these days, E- doctor Is a business term used for change and buying goods and services over internet and other electronic means between B2B, B2C and C2C.Beneficiaries Of E-commerceThere are 3 classes of society of those who are taking benefits as doing their business electronically (i) Business to Business (B2B), (ii) Business to Consumer (B2C), and (iii) Consumer to consumer (C2C).Business to Business .B2B electronic commerce over internet is increasingly becoming the popular choice of communication for the business as its instantaneous.8B2B e-commerce is whereby both parties conduct transactions in the course of business, also known as paperless trading especially in the US9. For instance suppose a motor manufacturer needs to grease ones palms parts from supplier, this can be through either via e-mail or by EDI (Electronic Data Interchange system).Business to ConsumerThis is the type of dealing in which one party is doing their business by selling goods over website or by advertisement where they are directly dealing with consumers, such as sales person dealing with customer in amply street, example of this kind of dealings are shopping on website such as www.amazon.co.uk or www.sony.co.uk.Consumer to ConsumerIn this kind of dealing both parties are rude(a) persons and do not operate any business. The good example of C2C is consumer selling goods to another consumer through a website or some consumer advertising over a website for example www.ebay.co.uk.Scope of LawThere is no single or specific law for e-commerce as Kevin Kelly describes10as its of global nature, electronic commerce has aptness to break the national barriers more easily rather than traditional cross-border trade.11Hence the user can either use a website for making a purchase or e-mail an offer from any jurisdiction and acceptance can take place from other jurisdiction due to this global nature that website big businessman be subject to law of that country.12The issue of Electronic contracts was 1st considered at the international level in 1996 by get together Nation Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) by introducing the Model law on Electronic Commerce and the Model law on Electronic Signature.In United Kingdom Electronic Commerce Act 2000, Electronic Commerce Regulations 2002 was introduced to provide basic legal frame work for electronic commerce and to deal with its problems in a country, and Electronic Signature Regulation 2002.The enactment of Acts was the result of European Union Directive 2000/31/EC, which was introduced to provide fundamental structure for electronic commerce in national markets, to remove cross-border barriers for online services within the member states, and to provide legal certainty to the services.Felling the heat of Electronic Commerce problems, United States of America also enacted the legislations specifically dealing with Electronic commerce. These wer e (i) Uniform Electronic effect Act 1999 (UETA), (ii) Uniform Computer Information Transaction Act Amended 2000,2000(UCITA) and Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act 2000.13Same way different Asian countries also introduced special legislation to cope with E-commerce. Examples are Singapores Electronic Transaction Act 1998, Indias Information Technology Act 2000, Hong Kong Electronic Transactions ordinance 2000, Philippines Electronic Commerce Act 200014and ElectronicTransactions Ordinance 2002.Advantages of Electronic CommerceWith Respect to Virtual ShopAs discussed above, e-commerce affected the commerce by reducing the cost of trade, especially in selling and buying.In 1995 Bill render stated in his book regarding shopping thatThe net will carry us into a new world of low-friction, low -overhead capitalism, in which market information will be plentiful and transaction cost low it will be a shoppers heaven15Bill Gates words have already been proved. Shopping over internet has become the new and the most popular market for the customers.Due to low cost, sellers dont have to buy or rent the costly articles from a shop in high street. Instead they just need to get space over internet at a very low price as compared to high street shops. Furthermore, there isnt any need to hire employees as a seller himself can update or admonisher the website. Lastly, he doesnt have to pay any utilities.All these advantages raise the margin of profit with an added benefit which is that the seller can attract customers by offering his product at a lesser price than high street shop price.Another advantage of a Virtual shop is that it is open for business 24 hours a day 7 days a week. Customers can even shop on the day of Christmas or any other holiday. Also, a virtual(prenominal) shop can cater not only to local customers but to anyone in the world who has an internet connection.Virtual shop is as profitable for the seller as it is for the buyer. When you shop online you save time, petrol and you can shop at any time even after business hours.With respect to E-mailtwentieth March 2002 was the land mark day in the history of E-mail and postal mail in United Kingdom. By then it was proved that mass of people trust and are interested in e-mail rather than traditional postal mail.16The reasons are that it is cheap, fast and accurate. The biggest advantage is that it is private as only that person who knows the password can access it. Another great thing is that the same message can be sent to many recipients at the time within the same duration.

Criminology Essays Terrorism Airports Security

Criminology Essays Terrorism airdromes SecurityTerrorism Airports SecurityDefeating Terrorism AssignmentAbstract littler municipal airports that do communities near major(ip) metropolitan argonas whitethorn not have appropriate hostage system footfalls in place. These municipal airports have not received the same scrutiny or funding as major airports. Regard slight, tenuous airports breast challenges and risks standardized to larger facilities.Additionally, vandalism, petty theft, and commandeering of an actual aircraft are incidents for which administrators at dwarfisher airports need to strategically plan. Every airport ( down(p) or large) does face whatever(prenominal) similar threats, but as all facilities are not the same smaller airports require unique security measures. There are virtually(prenominal) factors to consider when planning that include, but not limited to, geography, demographics, budget, and facility design. All are integral components which moldiness be examined in light of proposed prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery measures.This melodic theme will discuss multiple areas that an airport security administrator in charge of a municipal airport must examine in interpret to contemporary threats. It will also discuss certain and proposed security measures and safeguards for smaller airports as well as the hierarchy for administrative responses.IntroductionThe events of 9/11 placed terrorism at the forefront of the minds of many Americans. One cannot dismiss the possibility of an some other terrorist barrage on United States soil. The use of aircraft for carrying step to the fore acts of big bucks destruction, killing civilians and severely disrupting an economy has proven a fruitful tactic for the enemies of democracy.Although, family 11, 2001 served as a catalyst for the pioneering of new methodologies for anti-terrorism and securing airports, there are even great strides that need to be made. A functional, ye t universal and adaptable concept regarding security procedures for large and small airports must be established, maintained and much reevaluated.Much of the authoritative success for elevated, refined security measures and advancements in engineering for larger airports can be attributed to the United States Federal Government and the development of the surgical incision of Homeland Security. Their mission to prevent, minimize, respond and recover from catastrophic incidents has materialized in the airline industry through the Transportation Safety Administration.However, security at small corporation municipal airports have not received the same amount of upkeep or federal funding. Larger, commercial airports have received the vast majority of aid this is mainly due to bring inenger volume and smaller airports being privately owned and in many cases self-reliant for revenue and maintenance. As of yet, smaller municipal airports have not been sure-firely compromised and th e dominance for sensational nationwide devastation is somewhat limited. Because the United States continues to makes strides in improving security conditions at major airports, we must recognize that terrorists may already be assessing softer targets like commuter airports.ThreatsOne of the most common threats that municipal airports face are small crimes which have the potential to escalate apace. The number one threat facing a society airport is the theft. Theft can range from equipment to fuel. Sources of threats can be internal, domestic or foreign. Since September 11, 2001 security administrators have re-prioritized their threat assessment to include theft of a small aircraft.Currently theft and/or hijacking of a small aircraft are one of the major concerns to owners, operators and flees. Threats of this type generate significant risk to personnel and serious financial losses. Depending on the motive of the intended thief or hijacker, theft of a small aircraft also presents a danger to the general population and surrounding communities. With manifold consequences in mind, airport security is strongly do to cling to life, property and prosperity. It is in the best interest of owner/operators to devise measures that will prevent misuse of their aircraft (International Council of Aircraft Owners, 2005).Criminal mischief, sabotage, and vandalism are also threats that community airports must counter. In dealing with these threats, one must consider mechanical and functional destruction and not just the cosmetic damage to a faade or loss of replaceable equipment. Accessibility restrictions to aircraft storage and maintenance areas can be difficult to impose and enforce in multiple circumstances. Existing controls compel at airports must do their utmost to deter theft and criminal mischief as well as sabotage to operating equipment (International Council of Aircraft Owners, 2005).RisksAfter the tragedies of September 11, 2001, the American public question ed not only the events of that day, but also the circumstances leading up to the successful terrorist operation. Questions such asWho was behind the approaching? What was the remainder or purpose?When did planning begin?Where did they receive flight raising?Why did this happen?How where they able to carry out these attacks?These types of questions appeared on every telly station, newspaper and radio broadcast in the United States for months after attacks. Airport Administrators are now realizing the potential appeal for misuse of smaller airports and their vulnerability to criminals and terrorists. It has make out apparent that procedures for background checks of employees, instructors, students, pilots and passengers is an evident way to reduce risk and ensure the integrity of an airport and its operators.With the pressing concern of advanced terrorist attacks employing weapons of mass destruction, the attraction of small aircraft as a target cannot be ruled out. The ability o f small aircraft to spread chemical weapons could potentially be as severe as an attack on a nuclear power plant. Terrorists may not be able to buy or steal a nuclear weapon at a small airport, but opportunities exist for terrorists to use aircraft as a tool to assist in their sinister plots.For example, a terrorist may contemplate some type of nuclear terror stratagem. It could involve attacking a nuclear power plant using a small plane to breach gross profit margin security and then be use as a guided missile to reap destruction and chaos. It is important to keep in mind that an attack on a nuclear power plant may transpire whenever someone with a terrorist mindset hijacks a commercial airplane or charters a private one. A private plane could be easily filled with conventional explosives (Nykolyshyn, 2006).Recent studies chartered over the past several months by the Electric ability Research Institute (EPRI), have shown that structures housing reactor fuel in United States nucl ear power plants will be protected against the release of radiation sickness even if struck by a large commercial jetliner. State-of-the-art computer modeling techniques have stubborn that typical nuclear plant containment structures, used fuel storage pools, fuel storage containers, and used fuel transportation containers at United States nuclear power plants would withstand these impact forces despite some concrete crushing and bent steel (Nuclear Energy Institute, 2002).Nonetheless, if terrorists were able to acquire an aircraft and attempt to crash into a nuclear power plant, it raises further suspicions and fears of their capabilities and tenacity./a An IAEA spokesman once claimed that current nuclear power plants were never designed to withstand an attack by a large jumbo jet full of fuel, and prior to 2001, the likeliness of such a crash was never considered high enough to be included in safety regulations (Bunn, 2001).Further vulnerabilities that small airports present for criminals and terrorists are the drop of federally mandated security and technology measures. Often people are able to slip through the cracks or go under the radar without drawing attention to themselves. Criminal organizations have been known to use small community airports to transport and smuggle amerciable immigrants, drugs and other illegal contraband. These risks are major concerns for Airport Administrators. This is specially true near the southern Border/Coastal States. agree to the Tennessee Airport Information Center (2005), a Cessna aircraft carrying six undocumented immigrants, including the pilot, took off from Fullerton Municipal Airport in California but was forced to land at Cannon Air Force Base in New Mexico, after running out of fuel. The plane crossed the country picking up undocumented Brazilian citizens in Boston on the way to Atlanta. It was the second time the pilot an illegal immigrant whose legally registered plane appears on Federal Aviation Administ ration records had flown undocumented immigrants. The flight identifies potential security vulnerabilities of small private and municipal airports, which often conduct little or no screening of small planes (Tennessee Regional Information Center, 2005).One of the principal changes is requiring a background check for a private pilots license. According to the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (2008), a candidate is now required to submit the following information for a background investigation Full name, gender, current address and five-year address history, date and country of birth, and citizenship information.Security and SafeguardsSecurity at small community airports can be very costly. In order to blow costs, community airports typically use outside contractors for their security. One such company is Navigance, which boasts a comprehensive physical security solution by integrating technology to security systems while mitigating risks. Their technological innovations creat e security systems that can deliver a revenue stream for airports by providing secure wireless broadband communication theory and remote monitoring serving both(prenominal) tenant and transient customers (Navigance, 2007).Many small airports have no security at night. Control towers, if they exist, often pixilated for business at 6 or 9 p.m. Security fences are uncommon, although some airports are beginning to recognize the new threat environment and are constructing fences accordingly. Lack of security seems to fit the freewheeling world of private aviation, which nearly collapsed when the federal government banned many private flights for weeks after Sept. 11 (Dotinga, 2002).As augmentation to fencing, community airports must consider using cameras as another layer of protection for perimeters and surrounding areas. To remain current, security upgrades must include wireless digital cameras with a three-week archiving system (minimum) and a state-of-the-art wireless irritate co ntrol system for fomite provide.The cost is not overly prohibitive. Integrators often re-sell the products as case of larger, turn-key package. Therefore these system prices do vary. Ballpark figures can be in the range of $2,000 to equip a single gate or door with an access panel and reader. And depending on an airports configuration, one panel can control up to four gates/doors. A monthly, per-panel network access fee, usually costs less than $100 and keeps each one tied into a central monitoring station and data storage repository (Broderick, 2003).Security ConsiderationWhen developing a plan for perimeter security, there also needs to be a great deal of consideration for access roads leading up to baste pose. Alternative parking will offer entry/exit points for access onto the main airstrip. The shift entry/exit points should be located on both sides of the airport. They too need to be secured by some type of fencing and gate and should not be used for daily activities. The purpose behind the alternate parking lot entry/exit points should be reserved for emergency vehicles and contingency use only.Currently, very few small airports have the resources to secure and protect its parking areas 24 hours a day. One security feature that small airports should implement is the ability to identify both employees and visitors upon arrival and departure of a facility. According to Thomas W. Wathen Protecting life and property frequently requires that you identify employees and visitors entering and leaving the premises you guard (1989, p. 141).First one would start by sustain that employees and visitors are cleared for access onto the property by verifying their identification. Security personnel should record and track the employees or visitors time spent on the case as well as their intentions. Random and routine searches can offer security and work as a deterrent for theft and criminal mischief.Secondly, to help protect people and the facility, an airport s hould ensure extensive lighting exists not only on the exterior and interior of the building, but on parking areas, gates entry/exit points, on all access roads leading to the facility, and at security enclosures.Security lighting is an inexpensive and effective preventative measure against intrusions or other criminal activities. This type of lighting aids security personnel in the detection of intruders and works as a deterrent. It also promotes a feeling of safety among staff and visitors. Lighting should not be limited to night lightning should be able to turn night into day (Broderick, 2003).Thirdly, all parking areas should be equipped with overlapping video inspection that is continually monitored and recorded. A municipal airport should be able to install a relatively small number of cameras to achieve complete coverage of parking and other public areas.Last but not least, a small airport should consider the feasibleness of employing security officers to patrol the parking area as well as inside and outside the perimeter of the facility. The physical presence of a guard, even if conducting patrols at random intervals provides yet another layer of protection.Optional SecurityThere is optional security equipment that can be utilized to augment security and barriers already addressed. Physical security can contain features such as motion detectors/sensors and laser light beams. Although this may enhance the detection of an intruder and alert security for a faster response time, there are drawbacks to the use of these types of security sensors.One major drawback to these additional security measures is cost effectiveness. Prior to implementation, considering a add up cost approach when budgeting for an overall safety and security plan is paramount to success.The second drawback is the reliability of such devices and their room for marginal error. For example movement of wildlife and detritus blowing in the wind could cause numerous false alarms. This in turn, can tie up human resources that could be better utilized in other areas rather than responding to false alarms.All doors and storage facilities should be equipped with some type of pass pester readers. These pass bill of fares take the place of keys, and serve to identify and track personnel and visitors. This is the surest way to maintain an accurate head count for the number of personnel in a facility at any given time. Pass cards also work as a deterrent by restricting access into protected areas. Within a restrained facility, this is important based on job function, personnel needs and responsibilities.Information garnered from pass cards can be recorded and maintained for a determined period of time for auditing purposes. If an employee forgets or loses the pass card, then they must inform security at the gate and be issued a temporary pass card for the day until filling out the proper forms for a new one with human resources.Additional advantages to pass card readers a re upon the termination of an employee, their old card can immediately be deactivated. If one finds their lost card it can be reactivated at that time. In the long term, this will reduce the expense of re-keying locks in the facilities and obtaining company property back from an employee upon termination. It also prevents the risk of employees making duplicate keys.All visitors and vendors will also be required to check in at the security gate and be issued a temporary pass card with limited controlled access. Those who own storage garages for their personal airplanes will be issued a pass card to their own storage facility upon the granting on their signed contract and background check with the facility.The pass card identification system presents multiple security solutions for preventing and eliminating vulnerabilities. They work to immediately increase security and reduce future expenditures. Although more expensive, adding photographs to access cards provides an even greater le vel of security.Airport HierarchyAs previously discussed, municipal airports typically contract out their security operations. If economically feasible, security organizations should screen and hire their own security forces. If resources are available, security officers should be stationed strategically at vulnerable points revealed by a thorough risk assessment. For example One security officer should remain in the dispatch and surveillance office at all times.A security officer should be stationed at the entrance/exit gate at all times for vehicle and personnel checks. In addition, an officer should be on constant interior patrol of the facility and an officer should be on constant exterior patrol of the facility. It will initially be the responsibility of the security officer to notify the proper chain of command during nature or manmade disasters. They will assess and position response teams to the disaster and crisis sites. In turn, airport hierarchy for response should work similar to the below listResponding officer on-siteAirport facility worryLocal law enforcement and first respondersSurrounding jurisdictions with mutual aid agreementsAlthough municipal and private airports are regulated by policies, goals, and objectives, to an extent, they should have common standards of operation. These Standard run Procedures (S.O.P.) should include maintaining the safety of its travelers, support economic prosperity, preserving investment and a level of service to state, national and international markets (Bend Metropolitan Transportation Plan, electronic).Familiarization with, and regularly scheduled training in the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS) is a must as large scale incidents can quickly overwhelm the response capabilities of airports serving smaller communities. Participation in joint exercises with local law enforcement and first responders will provide the foundational principles to be employed during a c atastrophic event and give the owners/operators of small airports an opportunity to examine current preparatory measures and refine protocols for incidents of varying consequence.To conclude, municipal airports face a myriad of challenges similar to the challenges seen in large commercial facilities. Because America has yet to see a catastrophic act of terrorism involving smaller aircraft, attention paid to security at municipal airports has been minimal. Although the risks to National Security are not as obvious or as potentially catastrophic, particularly in the absence of a successful execution of a chemical or biological attack, smaller airports with limited security budgets are an attractive and softer target for terrorists who may be thwarted by improved security at large terminals.There are many cost effective solutions available to reduce the vulnerability of municipal airports training in NIMS and ICS principles as well as developing an understanding of how to best utilize outside resources is of negligible cost but could well prove invaluable in the face of an actual catastrophe. Unfortunately, in a time of limited resources and unlimited potential threats, it may take a successful terrorist attack to increase vehemence on the security vulnerabilities of municipal airports.ReferencesAircraft Owners and Pilots Association. (2008, January 29). Government advocacy. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.aopa.org/tsa_rule/.Bend Metropolitan Transportation Plan. (n.d.). Aviation Systems. Retrieved April 14, 2008, Retrieved from http//www.ci.bend.or.us/depts/community_development/bend_metropolitan/docs/Chapter_15_Aviation_Systems_Final.pdfBroderick, S. (2003, February 1). No High-Wire Act. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.ultra-safe.com/RedlandsAirport.htm.Bunn, M. (2001, October 29). Reducing the threat of nuclear theft and sabotage. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/12691/reducing_the_threat_of_nucle ar_theft_and_sabotage.html.Dotinga, R. (2002, January 8). Small airports, big problem? Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2002/01/08/airport_security/index.html.International Council of Aircraft Owners. (2005, January 18). IAOPA Input for ICAO Security Manual (DOC 8973). Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.iaopa.org/info/security_manual.html.Navigance. (2007). Brochure. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.navigance.com/brochure/navigance.pdf.Nuclear Energy Institute. (2002, January 23). Analysis of nuclear power plants shows aircraft crash would not breach structures housing reactor fuel. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.nei.org/newsandevents/aircraftcrashbreach/.Nykolyshyn, O. (2006, February 6). Summary of the book Nuclear terrorism The ultimate preventable catastrophe., Vienna.Tennessee Regional Information Center. (2005, whitethorn 27). Illegal immigrants on flight. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.tbi.state.tn.us/TRIC /tbi_triccn_files/05.27.05.pdf.Wathen, T. W. (1989). Security Subjects, a Primer for Protection Officers. Van Nuys Guardian Security Publications.

An Analysis Of The Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

An Analysis of The Lord of the FliesThe novel Lord of the Flies, written by William Gerald Golding, is aremarkable piece of literary works that discusses m whatsoever important topics whileremaining an enjoyable read. One of the important topics that is discussed inthe novel is human nature. Many aspects of human nature is depicted in the book,but one major is the development of a mans personality and character. Thisaspect of human idiosyncrasy is visualised through the development of Ralph, themain character and friend of the novel. Ralphs development from innocent,irresponsible, playful adolescent to a tough, self-reliant man shows how thehardships and turmoil of life can greatly effect a persons character.The story takes place on a deserted is acres after a plane crash strands agroup of adolescent boys. The boys are forced to learn how to live on the landwithout any resources or adult assistance. The group chooses Ralph as theirleader and gives him the responsibility of guidin g the group. Ralphs mainenemy and adversary is Jack, the appointed leader of the savage hunters. Theboys go through many trials and hardships while on the island including thedangers of the jungle, finding food, and remaining a functional group.The novels main focus is on Ralph and his experiences on the island.As leader of the group, Ralph has a great deal of responsibility and must learnhow to work with this responsibility. Through the course of the story, Ralphchanges from an adolescent child to a mature person, but ends up pause downat the end of the novel. This aspect of Ralphs character is a way that Goldingdepicts human behavior in society, which is the main theme of the book.As the novel begins, Ralph is portrayed as being a normal adolescent whois irresponsible and negligent. Even when he is chosen as leader, he still isdepicted as an rawness boy. One example of this childish action is seen atthe beginning of the novel when Ralph plays games while doing serious work. Bydo ing things like this Ralph tries to show the freedom the boys have without anyadult supervision. These are not the acts of a responsible leader and issomething that Ralph soon comes to regret.With progression of the story, Ralphs attitudes change as he becomesmore responsible and mature. He realizes the magnificence of being a responsibleleader and begins to guide the other boys more. Ralph begins to try to convincethe others that they act with the groups best interest at hand and tells them to

Hawthorne :: Essays Papers

HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne, an American novelist lived from 1804 to 1864. Hawthornes worksare deeply concerned with the respectable problems of sin, punishment, and atonement. Hegraduated from Bowdoin College in 1825 and returned to his Salem home nutriment insemi-seclusion and writing. Hawthornes exploration of these themes were related to thesense of guilt he felt to the highest degree the roles of his ancestors in the 17th-century persecution of Quakers and in the 1692 witchcraft trials of Salem, Massachusetts. Hawthornes views on women in antheral dominated roles were portrayed as the weaker sex.Allegory and symbolism are combined in Hawthornes work to create sarcasm and deep cerebration to his novels. Allegory is a narrative, either in verse or prose, in whichcharacters, action, and setting constitute abstract concepts apart from the literal meaning of a story. symbol is used to designate an abstract quality or concept. Through both of these concepts Hawthorne re vealed the irony in his writings. These elements helped Hawthorne become a leader in the development of the bunco story.Dr. Heideggers Experiment contained mostly romantic symbolism. Dr. Heidegger is the perfect example of the scientific world done for(p) mad. Medbourne is mostly interested in the economy and is a lessened businessman. Killigrien is basically interested only in himself. Gascorgin is a corrupt politician. Wycherly is an example of social malicious gossip and vanity. The allegory is that Hawthorne is concerned with womens roles in a male dominant society and the dangers of applied science. Rappaccinis Daughter is assembled with Romantic and Anti-Transcendentalist elements. Light is one of the main components of symbolism in the story. Dr. Rappaccini is evil and cares more for science than mankind. prof Baglioni is basically good and practices apt science. Giovanni is Anti-Transcendentalist andBeatrice is Transcendentalist and are both victims of corru pt science. Hawthornes use of nature in Rappaccinis Daughter is used in the allusion to the tend of Eden. Beatrice was poison and forbidden like the apple in the Garden of Eden. An antidote will discharge poison, therefore when Beatrice drank it, she died.Hawthorne Essays PapersHawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne, an American novelist lived from 1804 to 1864. Hawthornes worksare deeply concerned with the ethical problems of sin, punishment, and atonement. Hegraduated from Bowdoin College in 1825 and returned to his Salem home living insemi-seclusion and writing. Hawthornes exploration of these themes were related to thesense of guilt he felt about the roles of his ancestors in the 17th-century persecution of Quakers and in the 1692 witchcraft trials of Salem, Massachusetts. Hawthornes views on women in male dominated roles were portrayed as the weaker sex.Allegory and symbolism are combined in Hawthornes work to create sarcasm and deep thought to his novels. Allegory is a nar rative, either in verse or prose, in whichcharacters, action, and setting represent abstract concepts apart from the literal meaning of a story. Symbolism is used to designate an abstract quality or concept. Through both of these concepts Hawthorne revealed the irony in his writings. These elements helped Hawthorne become a leader in the development of the short story.Dr. Heideggers Experiment contained mostly romantic symbolism. Dr. Heidegger is the perfect example of the scientific world gone mad. Medbourne is mostly interested in the economy and is a corrupted businessman. Killigrien is basically interested only in himself. Gascorgin is a corrupt politician. Wycherly is an example of social scandal and vanity. The allegory is that Hawthorne is concerned with womens roles in a male dominant society and the dangers of applied science. Rappaccinis Daughter is assembled with Romantic and Anti-Transcendentalist elements. Light is one of the main components of symbolism in the story. Dr. Rappaccini is evil and cares more for science than mankind. Professor Baglioni is basically good and practices apt science. Giovanni is Anti-Transcendentalist andBeatrice is Transcendentalist and are both victims of corrupt science. Hawthornes use of nature in Rappaccinis Daughter is used in the allusion to the Garden of Eden. Beatrice was poison and forbidden like the apple in the Garden of Eden. An antidote will destroy poison, therefore when Beatrice drank it, she died.

Earthquake Loads & Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings :: essays research papers

seism Loads & Earthquake rebarbative design of Buildings1.12.Summary23.Earthquake Design - A Conceptual Review24.Earthquake Resisting Performance Expectations35.Key Material Parameters for Effective Earthquake Resistant Design36.Earthquake Design Level Ground Motion46.1.Elastic Response Spectra46.2.Relative Seismicity56.3. colly amplification67.Derivation of Ductile Design Response Spectra78.Analysis and Earthquake Resistant Design Principles88.1.The Basic Principles of Earthquake Resistant Design88.2.Controls of the Analysis Procedure88.3.The Conventional Earthquake Design Procedure119.The Capacity Design Philosophy for Earthquake enemy119.1.General Approach119.2.The Implications of Capacity Design1210.Earthquake Resistant Structural Systems1210.1.Moment Resisting Frames1210.2.Shear Walls1310.3.Braced Frames1311.The Importance & Implications of Structural Regularity1311.1.General1311.2.Vertical Regularity1411.3.Horizontal Regularity.1411.4.Floor Diaphragms1412.Methods of Analysi s1512.1.Integrated Time History Analysis1512.2.Multi-modal Analysis1512.3.Equivalent Static Analysis1513.Trends and Future Directions1614.Conclusions1615.References171. SummaryThe primary objective of earthquake resistant design is to prevent building collapse during earthquakes thus minimising the risk of death or injury to people in or around those buildings. Because damaging earthquakes be rare, economics dictate that damage to buildings is expected and acceptable provided collapse is avoided. Earthquake forces are generated by the inertia of buildings as they dynamically respond to ground motion. The dynamic nature of the response makes earthquake loadings markedly different from other building loads. origin temptation to consider earthquakes as a very strong wind is a trap that must be avoided since the dynamic characteristics of the building are inherent to the structural response and thus the earthquake induced actions are able to be mitigated by design.The concept of dyna mic considerations of buildings is one which sometimes generates uncomfortableness and uncertainty within the designer. Although this is understandable, and a common characteristic of any new challenge, it is usually misplaced. Effective earthquake design methodologies jackpot be, and usually are, easily simplified without detracting from the effectiveness of the design. Indeed the high level of uncertainty relating to the ground motion generated by earthquakes seldom justifies the often used complex analysis techniques nor the high level of design sophistication often employed. A good earthquake engineering design is one where the designer takes control of the building by dictating how the building is to respond. This can be achieved by selection of the preferred response mode, selecting zones where inelastic deformations are acceptable and suppressing the development of undesirable response modes which could lead to building collapse. 2.Earthquake Design - A Conceptual ReviewMo dern earthquake design has its genesis in the 1920s and 1930s. At that time earthquake design typically touch on the application of 10% of the building weight as a lateral force on the structure, applied uniformly up the height of the building.

Frank Lincoln Wright :: essays research papers

andiron Lincoln Wright".......having a good start not only do I fully intend to be thegreatest architect who has yet lived, but fully intend to be the greatestarchitect who will ever live. Yes, I intend to be the greatest architect of alltime." - Frank Lloyd Wright 1867-1959CHILDHOOD     Born in Richland Center, in southwestern Wisconsin, on June 8, 1867(Sometimes reported as 1869) Frank Lincoln Wright (Changed by himself to FrankLloyd Wright) was raised in the influence of a welsh heritage. The Lloyd-Jonesfamily, his mothers side of the family, had great influence on Mr. Wrightthroughout his life. The family was Unitary in faith and lived close to eachother. Major aspects within the Lloyd-Jones family included education,religion, and nature. Wrights family spent many evenings listening to WilliamLincoln Wright read the works of Emerson, Thoreau, and Blake outloud. Also hisaunts Nell and Jane opened a school of their own pressing the philosophies ofGerma n educator, Froebel. Wright was brought up in a comfortable, but certainlynot warm household. His father, William Carey Wright who worked as a preacherand a musician, moved from job to job, dragging his family across the UnitedStates. His parents divorced when Wright was still young. His mother Anna(Lloyd-Jones) Wright, relied heavily on upon her many brothers sisters anduncles, and was intellectually guided by his aunts and his mother.      earlier her son was born, Anna Wright had decided that her son was gongto be a great architect. Using Froebels geometric blocks to entertain andeducate her son, Mrs. Wright must have struck glare her son possessed. Use ofthe imagination was encouraged and Wright was given free run of the playroomfilled with paste, paper, and cardboard. On the door were the words, SANCTUMSANCTORUM (Latin for place of inviolable privacy). Mr. Wright was seen as adreamy and sensitive child, and cases of him running away while working on thefarm lands with some uncles is noted. This pattern of running away continuedthroughout his lifetime.WRIGHTS starting line BREAK     In 1887, at the age of twenty, Frank Lloyd Wright moved to Chicago.During the late nineteenth century, Chicago was a booming, crazy place. With aneducation of Engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Wright found a job asa draftsman in a Chicago architectural firm. During this short time with thefirm of J. Lyman Silsbee, Wright started on his first project, the HillsideHome for his aunts, Nell and Jane. impatiently moving forward, Wright got a jobat one of the best known firms in Chicago at the time, Adler and Sullivan.

Emperor Caligula Biography Essay -- essays research papers

Emperor CaligulaOn August 31st, 12 AD Germanicus and Agrippina the elderberry bush gave birth to the third Roman emperor during the Julio-Claudian Dynasty. During the beginning of his reign, it seemed to be, as most would call it a dream come true. But after a few favorable accomplishments, Caligula became the deranged tyrant he is known for today.Born Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, he acquired the name Caligula at the age of two. After being separated from his parents for eighteen months, Augustus prepared traveling arrangements that would re-unite him with his mother. His parents gave him an oversized soldiers uniform with military boots and he became the mascot for the troops. Thus, he reliable the Latin nickname for Little Boot. three months after he acquired this nickname, Augustus died and the troops rebelled. For the sake of her family, Agrippina prepared to leave with her son. Quickly realizing how savage their behavior was, the troops stopped rebelling and begged A grippina to stay. They said, the mere sight of little Gaius unquestionably calmed them down. Germanicus let Caligula stay, but made Agrippina leave because she was about to give birth.After Germanicus (Caligulas father) and the Roman army had defeated the Germans, a victory parade began in Rome. Caligula was placed in a chariot alongside his father as they rode throughout Rome. Not long after, Germanicus was sent to the Middle East with his family where he received new military duties. The five-year-old Caligula also accompanied him. Even though Germanicus had all authority in the East, Piso of Syria challenged him. After a long fought battle, Germanicus became ill and died. This event remained inexpugnable in Caligulas memory and could have le... ...tus, was treated with more honor than the most honorable citizens in Rome. He intended to appoint the horse as a consul, but the little sanity he had left led him to abandon this idea. Not long after his many tyrannical acti ons, the Praetorian guards plan his murder. According to history books, the guards mainly killed Caligula for personal reasons but many believe that Caligulas successor Claudius was involved. January 24, 41 AD, Emperor Caligula was assassinated by the Praetorian guards. legion(predicate) Roman people believed that Tiberius later years damaged the carefully crafted political edifice put together by Augustus. They then realized that Tiberius was a vivid emperor compared to Caligula. As the people called him our baby and our star, it is ironic that his name later became synonymous with words such as hedonism, cruelty, tyranny, and insanity.