The Psychology Of Personality Psychology Essay

The Psychology Of Personality Psychology EssayOprah Winfrey is whiz of the most powerful black American women. She was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi of USA. When she was young, she lived in a rattling scummy surrounding with her grandparents despite her parents were stray. At the progress of six, she moved to stay with her mother. Consequently, she was being sexually abuse and molested by male relatives and she poleured the hardship. Right until she was quaternityteen, she moved again to stay with her get in Nashville Tennessee. Living with her father was not the hope she was looking for because that her father was loving and yet a real strict towards Oprah. She created battle with her fathers lofty standards by dealing with drugs, rebellious behaviour and even lost a premature baby. She at long last settled d experience after being awarded with a University Scholarship. Although, her early historic period in demeanor were alter with hardship, she still graduated as an honours student. Oprah graduated as a BA in language and Performing Arts from Tennessee State University. She was exceedingly inspired by her fathers high standard to aim and strive much from bearing. She began her career in the media industry and worked as a news anchor and reporter for telecasting station in Nashville on the WTVF-TV station at the age of nineteen. She started to enjoy her work where she was fitted to be herself and express her own opinions and share her true feelings when she shifted to morning tattle show AM dinero at WLS-TV in Chicago. The show had become the number one ranked right after she started and it was renamed as The Oprah Winfrey Show after a year. Her show went on to become one of the highest ranked television talk show programs in history with twenty million American viewers e very(prenominal) week. She had become noted by hosting her own show, which she really enjoyed that as her career (Fry). share BA theory of forg iving behaviour emphasizing the drive to flood out feelings of inferiority by compensation and the need to achieve individual(prenominal) remainders that have value for society. Individual Psychology by Alfred Adler (Mifflin, 2007).Adlers theory talked about birth order and parenting name impact on personality in his assumptions of human nature. Oprah Winfrey was the only when babe in her family. According to Adlers theory, only child will tend not to lose primacy and power, besides, he or she will mature at early stage of life and may have certain issues in places where they are not the nerve centre of attention. I cogitate that Oprah never loses her power based on Adlers theory in birth order, thats wherefore she is competent to build up herself again after all the hardships she has been through. and what about her parents parenting style? Basically, her parents were separated from each other and she had been put to a very poor environment with her grandparents when she was six. Thus, she was being neglected sooner of pampering, in result, she apprehendd too little of attention from parents, and being sexually abuse and molested right until she was fourteen. She was able to endure all the hardships because she believed in her power, which I think the power comes from the nature of birth order that she had it.Upon staying with her father, she started to receive parental love for her father, although it was just single parents love, but I injection she would have been very satisfying and appreciate the love. But her father was very strict as well, he had a very high standard for Oprah to aim and achieve more from life. Due to high standard, her behaviour had caused conflict with her fathers strict rules. But she ultimately settled down everything after being awarded with a University Scholarship.She changed her wild behaviour because she knew she had a destruction to accomplish from this university. As Adler said in his theory, behaviour may change throughout a persons life span in accordance with goals.According to Individual Psychology theory, life is a dynamic towards completion, perfection, transcendency and mastery, which Adler is referring to human motivation as endeavor for superiority. Oprah acquired this human motivation from her own power and will, her fathers love and standard, and the scholarship. melodic phrase for superiority is when one over indemnifys for the feeling of inferiority and motivates the individual to seek for perfection and drive him or her to the goal for a total future (Mitchell). I believe that Oprahs striving for superiority is what makes her to be a very successful and talented television talk show host. But according to Adler, he said sometimes inferiority multiform might happens as well, inferiority composite is defined as people couldnt overcome it and run away from the challenges, I bet this complex happened to Oprah when she was staying with the mother, which she was sexually abuse and molested. Due to unable to against, she create inferiority complex and endured through all this suffer.Adler also described four different styles of life, which can be created by ourselves because we, human beings are non-deterministic and the life style is certain from the creative power of self (Luttrell, 2009). The four styles of life according to Adler are ruling, getting, avoiding and socially useable. Each of the styles is conceptualized in terms of degree of social intimacy and occupation. I think that different people at different stages and environments in life might at long last shape their personalities based on Adlers styles of life.For instance, Oprah was given a very poor environment at the age of six, thus, she would be the getting emblem at that moment. She wanted to expect to be given everything she needed as a child, such as parents love, hugs, kisses or even being pampered. Unfortunate, she couldnt get it. In spite of that, she paying(a) her in feriority and developed superiority complex, thus, she has been shaped from getting type to socially useful type. Adler explained that socially useful type exhibits activity in the service of other and they always award the life problems and endeavour to fragment them in a manner consistent with the needs of other individuals. Up until now, Oprah still belongs to this style of life she has touched millions of lives in American and other countries. There are few of her achievements and deeds that really subject my eyes. She was the first black person that was being listed in Business Week as one of Americas aggrandizement 50 most generous philanthropists (Manohar, 2010). She also invested $40 million in the making of Oprah Winfrey Leadership honorary society for girls near Johannesburg in South Africa, which the project was started in January 2007. Even Nelson Mandela congratulated and applauded for her effort of overcoming her own disadvantaged youthfulness to become a benefact or for the people. In my opinion, Alfred Adlers Individual Psychology theory has explained much for me to understand more about Oprah Winfreys background, development, accomplishments and so on. Besides, I would say Oprah Winfrey is a very resilient woman, believing in her own power and healthy striving for superiority to compensate all of her past. As Alder believed that healthy striving is for self-realization, in contributing to humanity, dealing with lifes problems, and in making the world a better place to live.Section CAlfred Adler talked about birth order and parenting style is impactful to the new born babys personality. According to Adler, the only child never loses primacy and power, mature in early stage of life and may have issue in places where they are not the centre of attention. I am the youngest in my family and I have two brothers and one sister, but I would consider myself as the only child. This is because I had been staying just with my parents since I was 12 ye ars old. My eldest brother pursued his career as a singer, my elder brother is a get hitched with man with wife and children and lastly my sister got married to faraway place from our hometown. I believe that Adlers chronicle about birth order is reasonable, because Ive been holding up to these primacy and power in my life and I eventually getting mature than other people around my age. For example, I already started to question myself what and how should I end up in my later life, how can I contribute to my parents and Who Am I? Guess I found my answer when I was sixteen years old and these primacy and power eventually shaped who I am today. Next, I would classify my parents parenting style as pampering but somehow they are very strict, just like Oprah Winfreys father. So, they are not spoiling or over-protect me as a child. Adler proposed superiority complex and inferiority complex, which I think it happens to everyone at different stages of life. I had developed inferiority comp lex beforehand when I was a pre-school student. I was discouraged by my teacher due to that I am a very playful child. In result, I tried to seek for acceptance by doing a bulk of silly things, but my effort was never come to fruition. I dont have any friends at that time, not even one would be willing to come next to me, unless they want to borrow something. I was running away from any challenges at that time and I gradually withdrew from the community.Fortunately, I came to develop superiority complex when I was seven years old, which Adler mentioned it as striving for superiority. When we ought to have inferiority feelings, we tend to seek and compensate the awful feeling and we motivate ourselves to move away from inferiority and thus strive for superiority. I be English primary school with multiracial students and teachers. This was the moment I started to build up myself because I was highly encouraged by my new Indian and Malay friends and school teachers through well-orga nized co-curriculum in my school instead of being continuously discourage. As I continually to strive for superiority, my life style is developed from the creative power of the self, which Adler explained it as personality types. There are four types of personality, which are ruling, getting, avoiding and socially useful. I believe Adlers style of life will change from time to time and much dependable to the surrounding changes. During my childhood, I belonged to getting type personality because of my parents pampering parenting style. I always expect to be given everything that I need. After that, especially being put into a bad per-school, I guess I am slightly moving into avoiding type as I tried to avoid challenges, problems and withdrew from social interest and activity until I attended my primary school. As I grew older and moving into teen stage, I came to feel myself better and I joined many church activities that help oneselfed me to find my identity and role. I eventuall y developed the socially useful personality type. Most of the church activities that I had participated were mostly charity and volunteer works, guess all these had shaped me to exhibit activity in the service of others. Thus, I am able to confront life tasks and attempt to resolve problems in a proper manner with the needs of other individuals. Although, I am a socially useful type right now, part of my getting type and avoiding type are still reside in me, just not that influential anymore. Here I am today, a leader for Famine 30 2010 camp in my own college with full of passion to help the poverty children all around the world.

Distributed Denial Of Service DDOS Attack Computer Science Essay

Distri howevered Denial Of Service DDOS Attack Computer Science EssayInformation technology is an evoke and emerging day by day technology which requires chat systems for data and services exchange. As at present every services and products use of goods and servicess computer and cyberspace as a medium to interchange data or money in an open internet, hence prone to vulnerabilities. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) flack is an firing to the availableness of the resources available, so that au thusticated users do not use those resources. This paper intended to explore the existing threats and vulnerabilities of DDoS with contingent solutions and recommendations plus overview and architecture methodology of this bod of polish.Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability ar the three main features of the all computer network communication systems. DDoS which is a sub throttle of Denial of service (DoS) attack, which result in overwhelming the dupe machine and deny the s ervices to its legitimate users results in Un handiness of the resources and services for carry on clients. Some examples argon smurf attack, SYN UDP floods and ping of closing. DDoS is a type of DoS attack but uses distributed computers from different location to attack on a particular victim whitethorn be a emcee or client which results into the halt of its functionality to provide services, hence unavailability of the server ultimately results loss in monetary plus situation of the governance. It works by flooding all the network of the given organization with uncalled-for profession, the first wellspring humpn DDoS was identified in 2000 on yahoo.com which goes down to around two hours. The DDoS is a result of helplessness of internet which prone to several vulnerabilities as internet was designed only for functionality but not concern about any security measures. As internet is an open network everything is open and is sh ard among authenticated users. other big p roblem is that it is not centralized network different organization, different countries have their own rules and law regarding internet.DDoS shape InvolvedThe DDoS attack mainly occurs in three layers of the OSI model which are layer 3 (Network) layer 4 (transport) and layer 7 (application). In transport layer what exactly happens is that attacker uses a spoiled IP address to request for connection so in typical connection, 3 commission transmission control protocol handshake is through with(p) but in this attack it does not complete 3 air handshake but send connection request over and over server reserves resources for to all(prenominal) one attempt and results in out of connection requires for the legitimate users. In network layer it includes ping of death and ICMP requests, where as in application layer is kind of exerciseive DDoS attack and hard to detect because it passes the 3 itinerary handshake and treated as authenticated user to the concern server, so attacker requests a large amount of data continuously through HTTP and results in avoiding its legitimate users as got busy with those bogus requests. In DDoS attack a combination of those three layers results in an effective attack that results in whatever really drastic effects.Application LayerPresentation LayerSession LayerTransport LayerNetwork LayerData link LayerPhysical LayerFig 1-Layers Involved in DDoSDDoS ArchitectureThe main purpose of DDoS attack is to overwhelm the related server and makes it down, it jackpot be for reach or for fun only but in both case legitimate clients suffered as bandwidth, resources, holding and central processing unit got wasted. DDoS attack architecture consists of hierarchy pattern to attack the four main components of DDoS are as followsAttacker senior pilot Machines/HandlerZombie MachinesVictimFirst of all attacker s stands thousands of computers on the internet independent of the origin of the systems for known vulnerabilities that is which ha ve minimum security aspect on the computer and makes Master machines or handlers, its consists of more than two systems to many depends upon how sophisticated is attack, after making handlers rest scans for the vulnerable systems is through by these handlers, which results in thousands of zombies across the globe without knowledge of concern users and when these zombies are ready attacker can execute for attack and makes the victim down.AttackerMaster Machines/HandlersZombie MachinesVictimFig 2- DDoS ArchitectureAs seen from the above figure attacker regainings control of one or more than one masters which then take control over thousands zombies and when triggered at a specific time these zombies flood the victim. These attack results with the use of many tools (software or malware) which to be install on the masters and zombies so that attacker can take controls through these tools and monopoly the systems. Here above the communication betwixt attacker and master machines is do ne through transmission control protocol protocol whereas between master machines to zombie and zombie machines to victim use UDP protocol for communication, as UDP is undependable protocol so does not hold any state and results in no trace back, it uses TCP for initial communication because it needs to organize other subordinates with master machines.DDoS ToolsThe tools used by DDoS attack are very sophisticated as it head for the hillss in background or in foreground with the systems program defecate and is not visible or very hard to detect by administrators. Trin00, tribal flood network, stacheldraht, tribal flood network 2000, trinity, wintrin00, MStream and etc are the examples of such kind of tools used in DDoS attack, by this tools attacker installed and executes because. It in any case helps him to facilitates co ordination between masters and zombie, and execute timer also to bombards at a resolved time, so that all zombies attacks the victim. Trin00 scans for buffer overflows in systems and install attack shell daemon through external shell, it communicate through unencrypted UDP. In tribal flood network, it installs the daemon which carries out the multiple attacks analogous ICMP flood, UDP flood, SYN flood, communication done through ICMP ECHO and REPLY. List of zombies daemon IP address is encrypted in later sport of TFN. Stacheldraht uses the combination of trin00 and TFN. Encryption takes place between attacker and masters communication and attacks are a same to TFN. Trinity floods through UDP, SYN, and ACK through Internet Relay Chat (IRC) has a backdoor program which monitor lizards TCP port. MStream uses forged TCP packets with ACK flag set, it uses TCP and UDP floods with no encryption in between but master machines are kept password protected. Beside these tools various other program and tools are readily available for such kind of attack which leaves no resi out-of-pocket to trace back.DDoS TypesDDoS are acts differently but ma inly classified in two main categories according to their attack pattern which are as followsBandwidth Depletion attackResource Depletion attackIn bandwidth depletion attack the main targeted area is the bandwidth of the concern victim by overwhelming with unwanted calling more than 10 Gbps (It depends) and prevents the legitimate users from gaining access for the services. Some examples of such attacks are UDP flood, ping flood, Smurf and reflection attacks which bombards with unwanted traffic to make unavailability of the services. Whereas in resource depletion attack, the main concern area are the resources available. This attack leads to the out of resource available for the concern users by TCP SYN attack, PUSH ACK attack, Teardrop attack. These attacks through the requests same(p) SYN to the concern server which in return reserves resources for this request, but attacker bombards the same again and again and hence server goes out resources.DDoS DetectionThe very first quest ion about this attack is that, how to know if DDoS attack happened in any organization or in any machine. So following are some ways to know if it occursPerformance of CPU, Memory and bandwidth degrades abnormally.Services become unavailable or partly available.Cannot access given resources properly.These above are preliminary steps to know the DDoS attack. It can be monitor through the continuously analyzing of the systems.DDoS DefensePractically speaking it is impossible to prevent DDoS attack but what we can do is to reduce its effect or tries to make security strong as oftentimes as possible. The following are very basic defense mechanism against DDoS attacks arePreventionDetection mixed bagJustifyingTracing backThe first phase called prevention which means to prevent from DDoS attack as much as possible that is to prevent itself to be part of the attack architecture, so not to become handler. It is done through the continuous monitor of the systems but every user is not aware of the security issues. The split second phase describes to know that if the systems are under attack by verifying abnormal activities like CPU or bandwidth uses, it can done through firewalls or routers. The third phase is classification of the discover attack according to its prototypes like IP yelles, protocol used and packet type used it can be done through the use of Intrusion Detection System for future countermeasure. The fourth mechanism is justifying the detected attack that is how to deal with the known or detected attack one way is to block the solid traffic from those addresses by using access control list on gateways or react accordingly another approach is to trace back the detected packet so that source can be identified. The final part of our defense mechanism is trace back which will be covered in later section of this paper.DDoS trace backDDoS trace back is possible to zombies only but may be if done in proper way can leads to the attacker, chances are very ra re as it is independent of the location. Some of the methods are as followsLink TestingControlled FloodingICMP Trace backIP Trace backIn link testing, when attack is in progress routers can co ordinates with each other to determines which router originated the attack traffic and can trace to the upstream but requires inter ISP co trading operations as different connections are maintained by different ISP. Whereas in controlled flooding it floods each entry links of the router to determines the source but needs router co operation and better network map, similarly in ICMP and IP trace back a reverse highway is generated to identify the source but path can be long and packet format space is limited to cope.DDoS Security measuresAs shortly various research are going on to stop DDoS attack and it may takes time but DDoS becoming deadly day by day and is considered second in financial losses due to attack after viruses but comparison to virus it is very new and have vast effect with n o remedy. So only option we got is to make it harder for attacker to penetrate into the systems, and following are some security precaution we should followInstall and update continuously antivirus and spyware software from trusted authority and run regularly.Patches the security components of the systems continuously and be always ready for up gradation of systems.A well set network infrastructure with proper installation of firewalls and routers with appropriate policies, so that unwanted traffic and organization traffic can be separated clearly.Filters incoming traffic on routers or rate-limit certain types of traffic like ICMP and SYN packets.Monitors continuously incoming and outgoing packets and if some abnormality seen then react accordingly.Use Network Address Translation (NAT) to hide internal IP addresses.Use Intrusion detection systems (IDS) implement host establish IDS plus network based IDS in a mix pattern to filter and detect abnormalities in the network.Egress and In gress filtering, these are filtering mechanism implement on IP traffic. Egress sets the ranges of IPs leaving the organizations network whereas in ingress a set of IP address ranges are allowed to strike into the network.Using of SYN and RST cookies to verifies both communication parties with the help of cookies, so that legitimate clients can access the resources.Use a proxy server in between the network so that a request goes via proxy to server and proxy filters it according the rules implemented on it.Implement Honeypots systems, these are the systems in an organization with open security and are separated with internal network to know the attack pattern.At last but not least literate the users or clients about the security concerns.ConclusionDDoS Attack is an attack on availability of the resources and services which results in financial losses, loss of organization reputation, and disturbance in work flow environment. The venomous truth is that the security technologies like firewall, routers and IDS are very week to prevent DDoS as it cannot differentiate between original and fake traffic. Another factor is that it uses IP spoofing, difficult to verify with original packets plus the routing manifold is stateless. Hence results in very strong attack.In this paper we have gone through the DDoS overview with its architecture layouts plus types and tools involved in DDoS attack. We have highlighted the DDoS detection part and visualize the security aspects and implementation to safety device the assets against such attack plus a brief summary to how to trace back.To compete with DDoS one way effort cannot prevent or defeat it, it needs all round support to tackle with it like among different internet communities, different countries to enforce such laws and regulation strictly to cope with it.suggestionsDDoS is a newer and portentous attack, so to prevent it I would suggest that very carefully implement DDoS security measures which are specify above. Beside these IPSec and SSL/TLS protocols implementation can helps a lot to prevent. VPNs can be added for secure channel communications. Use Mozilla Firefox as browser instead of others.

Techniques for Providing Fresh Water to Arid Regions

Techniques for Providing Fresh Water to Arid RegionsStudent ID Number 36845 accessionWater is vital as it does not live a replacement and is a finite resource (Kaplan, 2011). The demand for pissing system is ever change magnitude but the supply is decreasing or is constant. This demand is brought up by factors such as universe increase, industrialization and agricultural needs. Some beas ask over the right amount of whereas, opposites do not receive the right amount. These lands ar known as dried-out voices where rainfall and pee supply is little yearly causing droughts. The report will examine the feasibility of cardinal techniques namely desalination and building dams and reservoirs for supplying honeyed water to dehydrated regions considering factors such as cost, engineering science, location and water quality.BackgroundKaplan (2011) points out that thither is approximately 36 million cubic kilometres of fresh water addressable on the primer which equals to 3% and the rest 97% is salt water. 77% of the fresh water getable is locked up in the polar icecaps, glaciers and icebergs, less(prenominal) than 1% in fresh water lakes, springs and rivers. The rest is found in plants, atmosphere and human bodies. However, another argument put forward by Kaplan (2011) was that just over a half of the fresh water available on the earth is being utilise. This means that there is plenty of fresh water available but is inefficiently used, wasted in simpler name and not evenly distributed across the world. Therefore, arid regions ar formed as they do not receive the right amount of water demanded from their world in that area. UNEP (1992) reports slightly 47% of the surface of the earth being arid or semi-arid. This shows almost half of the world is without water whereas, some places take hold plenty of fresh water available. Another report of UNEP (1997) claims about 2 billion pack live in arid regions and in umpteen cases in very poor conditi ons. This shows the need and importance of development of ideas and techniques to depart fresh water to these regions. examine 1 Global dry bolt down areas by continentContinentExtensionPercentageAridSemi-arid run dry subhumidAridSemi-aridDry subhumid(million ha)Africa467.60611.35219.1616.2121.207.60Asia704.30727.97225.5125.4826.348.16Oceania459.50211.0238.2459.7227.424.97Europe0.3094.26123.470.011.742.27North/central America4.27130.71382.096.0917.824.27 south America5.97122.43250.217.1114.545.97Total1 641.951 897.741 238.68Mha=106ha. Source FAO (2002)Figure 1 above shows the percentage and the distance in hectares (ha) of the surface of the earth that can be classified as an arid or a semi-arid region. From the table Africa and Asia have the largest extension of arid zones, they account for more than a half of worlds arid regions (FAO, 2002).Comparison of options desalinisationAccording to Kucera (2014), desalination is defined as the surgical procedure of removing dissolved so lids, such as salts and minerals, from water. desalinisation was used practically first in the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries by sailors. Desalination is sometimes referred as distillation and sailors back in the sixteenth light speed used simple distillation technique to evaporate sea water and collecting the fresh water. The number below from Kucera (2014) shows the total desalination might by different countries since 2003. The highest percentages of desalination capacity are led by the Middle East countries i.e. Saudi Arabia and UAE followed closely by Spain, USA, China, Algeria, Australia, Israel, and India, respectively.Figure 2Kucera (2014)Figure 2 above besides shows that desalination is a process that is mainly operated by the developing countries. Not a single African nation is seen in the figure means that the most arid region of the world is not using desalination process. Keyes , Conrad Fahy, Tansel, Berrin (2012) claim desalination have two major technolog ical methods involved i.e. membrane and evaporative also known as thermal. Middle East use the evaporative technology while, the USA depend on the membrane process of desalination as it is more technologically advanced and has a cost advantage. Desalination water treatment plants must be managed in an environmentally compatible panache and requires significant environmental assessment efforts depending on the quality of the concentrate and geographic location of the facility (ibid, 2012). This shows the process of desalination for providing fresh water to arid region is quite costly and requires attention to the environment as sole(prenominal) developing countries like the UAE and the USA can afford to use.Building dams reservoirsA dam is a structure built along rivers or streams that are used to control the water flow and store the water in reservoirs during the rainy season and release as needed during the times of drought. Reservoirs are artificial lakes that store the water ( UNEP, 2000). The stored water is used in several(prenominal) ways irrigation, domestic use, producing hydro-electricity and leisure activities. .Abu-zeid and.El-Shibini (2010) states the only main source for Egypts water is the River Nile. Therefore Egypt is also considered part of the arid regions of the world. The Aswan High obstruct was built on the River Nile in Egypt to control floods, produce HEP- Hydro-electric power and water their lands in 1971. The dam had positive impacts on rapid growing population of Aswan province. The tourism industry and the fishers noted a growth in their businesses. The bulk of the Egyptian population also depends on the river for its water for domestic and industrial use. The figure below represents the area in hectares-ha of irrigation in countries of Africa in 1997.(University of Michigan, n.d.)The figure shows Egypt irrigated 3.3 million hectares in 1997, and that number will keep on increase as population increases (University of Michigan, n .d).However, some negative impacts are noted by Abu-zeid and El-Shibini (2010) that during the construction of the dam several Egyptian residents and monuments had to immigrate to the cities of Lower Egypt. The dam being 111 metres high and 3830 metres long costs the Egyptian government about 1 billion dollars (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014). This shows building dams and reservoirs can have some drawbacks in the short run like cost, re-settlement, natural disasters and water borne diseases but in the long run it also improves the economy of the acres and it helps the population of the country in irrigation, power and leisure activities.Recommendation and ConclusionIt can be concluded that to provide water to arid regions of the world both the techniques are feasible. Desalination works when the region has a source of salt or seawater. Although, it is quite costly and not very friendly to the environment, it is now astray used in many countries which prove it to be efficient.On th e other hand, building dams and reservoirs is very efficient and advantageous to the economy of the country. It attracts tourists, irrigates land, provides hydro-electric power and stores water for domestic use by the population of the country. However, it is also very pricey to build a dam or a reservoir, during the construction people have to be moved, diseases are prone from the water and highly depends whether the region has a source of water like river flowing. Thus, looking at the differences in requirements desalination is better than dams and reservoirs to provide fresh water to arid regions.References encyclopedia Britannica. (2014). Aswan High Dam. online. Accessed at 27/03/2015. Available at www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40203/Aswan-High-DamFAO. (2002). charge degradation assessment in drylands LADA project. World soil resources report no.97. capital of ItalyKaplan International Colleges. (2011). Skills for study 2 Water. podcastmp3. Nottingham, UK KICKeyes Jr., Co nrad G. Fahy, Michael P. Tansel, Berrin (2012). Concentrate management in Desalination-case studies. American Society of Civil Engineering(ASCE). online. Accessed at 27/03/2015. Available at http//app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/idkpCMDCS008/concentrate-management/concentrate-managementKucers, J. (2014). Desalination water from water. Canada. Serivener Publishing Llc.M.A.Abu-zeid and F.Z.El-Shibini (2010). International Journal of water resources development Egypts High Aswan Dam. 13(2). p.p 209-217.University of Michigan. (n.d). Human impacts on the Nile River. online. Accessed at 27/03/2015. Available at http//sitemaker.umich.edu/sec004_gp5/the_aswan_high_dam_benefitsUNEP. (1992). World atlas of desertification. second Edition. NairobiUNEP. (1997). World atlas of desertification. 2nd Edition. NairobiUNEP(2000). Lakes and Reservoirs Similarities, Differences and Importance. Osaka United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP IETC)

Nike Football Marketing Report

Nike Foot orb merchandising ReportThe purpose of this newspaper publisher is to undertake interchange about the trade go of Nikes foot ball gamey game boots. Nike football game game boots be one of the most guileless crops launched under the name of Nike. commencement ceremony of all the paper presents a brief introduction about the Nikes football boots and the prim discussion about the trade mix is done. In the discussion about merchandise mix the section of ingathering is discussed. This discussion entails product features and various football boots that be offered by Nike. The price system of Nike is discussed and a discussion is done about what makes Nike to charge premium footing for its football boots. The stores and centres atomic number 18 mentioned in the section of pip. The last and the most intriguing element of promotion mentions thriving and enchanting promotional stunts that are utilise to advocate Nikes football boots including celebrity secon d gear of Ronaldo, TVCs and billboard. On the basis of the discussion of merchandise a conclusion is presented. After analysis of the marketing mix a few(prenominal) strategies are besides recommended in the last part of the paper to evoke the marketing mix of Nikes football boots.Ribbon Sport between the age 1964 and 1971 (Nike, 2013). The separate instigators in Nike Inc.s portfolio are The Converse Inc., Hurley International, Jordan Brand and the Nike Golf. The company thus far commenced operations in the design of football boots in the 1990s and created the lightest boots preserve as at the time, The Nike quicksilver(a) which weighed 200g. (Garenthmcknight, 2012).The football boots remain the most immaculate and advance(a) products of Nike Inc. The boots offer double-dyed(a) fit, exceptional feel and outstanding ball control as it implies innovative features. With the help of innovative techniques equivalent irregular lacing, strategic stud patterns and by implying all(a) Conditions Control technology, Nike is able to train these outstanding products. The products provides a wide range of collections to choose from these include the blotto ground to soft ground and indoor.It is not only the product that has realise great response from customers but behind this product of football boots proper and well devised strategies are applied. One of the important facets of these strategies that sum up the boilers suit product philosophy is marketing mix. The following part of the paper discusses marketing mix of the football boots of Nike. marketing Mix of NikeThe marketing mix (or the 4Ps as it is referred) is a marketing tool often used by Marketers to human body a strategic plan towards the achievement of the corporate goal whilst also satisfying customers needs. The 4Ps is a combination or mixture of four elements vomit together to produce the desired plan of action ( Masterson and Pickton, 2010).It was McCarthy who in the mid-twentieth centu ry, called it the possibility of the Four Ps as it uses four variables, whose initials in English beginning with p. These four Ps are as followsProduct practice processionPriceNike football boots are easily recognised from the swoosh logotype embedded on all product.ProductThe product decisions should consider the products advan drop backes and how they exit be leveraged (Julian and Michael, 2012, 17). Nike Inc. has several(prenominal) products under its football boots grass and these are the Mercurial Range, Nike Tiempo, Nike T90, CR7, Customised Range (Nike, 2013).Mercurial This range of football boots were designed using basal light and ultra responsive technology for the purpose of quick cuts in any direction. This product range features supreme control at advanced speed with the super lightweight dimpled design.Nike Tiempo Masterful Class One of the classy pair of boots offered by Nike. The Tiempo is the oldest of the swoosh designs. It was lauched in the summer of 201 1 and produced in buttoned-down touch except for the 2013 edition which are in red colour. This brand is designed to particularly improve water retention.Nike T90 Deadly Strike knowing to deliver the deadliest strike on the pitch.CR7 One of the most famous football boots in the world is CR7. This is the brand that has been endorsed by Cristiano Ronaldo and ingraved with the Love to win, hate to fall back graphics.Custom Football Boots This is another type of boots that are offered by Nike. As the name implies this product allows customers to customise their football boots according to the desired traction, colour and various other options of personalisation.The various brands of the Nike football boots are designed for optima carrying into action aced on the All Conditions Control (ACC) technology to provide optimal ball control in both wet and dry conditions. Three varied types of Grind materials are used for the production of football boots. These three diametrical types of Grind materials include speeding fabric, foam of midsole and rubber for outsole. For the football boots severally Grind material is used to make surface for football field. All products are availables in various colours.PriceThe pricing strategy of Nikes football boots can be described as competitive to the other sports sideslip retailers. This pricing strategy of football boots is akin to the overall pricing strategy of Nike Inc product spectrum. The basis of the pricing strategy is of premium segment and localise customers. The prices of Nikes football boots are high when compared to other brands such as Adidas and Puma, however, this could be attributed to the premium quality of the products developed. These high prices are often associated with their successes in sports and with organisations. The price range of Nikes football boots starts from 60 and goes up to $200. A price magnetic dip of various products of Nikes football boots is as attached in the appendix (Nike, 201 3).PlacePlace in the marketing mix means distribution channels, outlets and catchment areas. Strategies link to place indicate and takes into account different places where the sale of the product would be consummated (Charles, Joseph and Carl, 2008, 44). Nike Inc. is a world-wide company with many outlets around the world. The soap stores sell the different products of the company which includes the various brands of Nike football boots. The football boots are stocked by retailers in almost 200 countries. In the linked States alone, these football boots are sold to 20,000 retail accounts. With the help of independent distributors, licensees and subsidiaries Nike Inc. sells its football boots in the international market.PromotionThe business uses shitship to generate brand authencity in the competitive market. Advertising is a major tool used by the company to drive the brand. A few footballers currently sponsored by Nike football boots are Cristiano Ronaldo, Wayne Rooney and M iroslav Klose. Other scores of promotional techniques are also adopted. A promotional strategy is adopted according to the situation and nature of the product. chase promotional schemes are used by Nike for the promotion of Nike football boots. picture Commercials (TVCs)TVCs that run on TV are full of inspiration and enforce in-depth messages. The end product of these adverts are the psychological appeal by portrait stars from football arena. Nikes football boots invites customers to have the experience of wearing these boots.BillboardsOne of the most effective, most famous and most appealing promotional campaigns that is being skillful by the marketers of Nikes football boots are the billboards. In the review of the billboard, attention mustiness therefore be drawn to the brand logo and tag line. The tag line Just Do It play a major quality in enthusing energy and sportsmen spirit among the fool market. All billboard adverts doubtless have the swoosh and tag line present an d without a doubt, these move are the most recognised all over the world.Celebrity secondmentCelebrity endorsement is another techniques used by the Nike to attract the target market. These endorsements are regarded as the captivating technique. The football boots are endorsed by renowned, mellow and charismatic football players. Celebrities such as Cristiano Ronaldo, Neymar and Andres Iniesta have been used for endorsement for various brands of the Nike football boots. These celebrities are also found on the companies websites and other advertising platforms. Celebrities chosen usually relate with the product and their personality acclamation the product.The SWOT AnalysisThe need for strategic planning towards the actualisation of a companys goals and objectives can not be over-emphasied. The strategic plan creates a fabric for the development, performance expectation and maps out the goals of the furture. Nikes marketing strategy would be merely examined using the SWOT Analy sis.StrengthsNike football boots are produced using very innovative designs. There are three different types of Grind materials often used for the production of football boots. These three different types of Grind materials include upper fabric, foam of midsole and rubber for outsole.High quality of products The Nike football boots are associated with high quality products on all brands.Sponsorship The company is often associated with sponsorship of football playersWeaknessesThe product prices are quite expensive when compared to other brands.OpportunitiesThe company set to sponsor sport activities such as the Olympics and World Cup tournament.ThreatsThe football boots are in extreme competition with other brands such as Adidas and Puma.The global nature of the brand presents the company with a risk in the cost and margin imbalance.ConclusionThis report provides in-depth analysis of the marketing strategies related to product, price, place and promotion of Nike football boots. On t he basis of the discussion that is done in the above part of the paper it can be concluded that marketing mix is an important part of the marketing strategy. The discussion reveals that with the help of marketing mix and by implementing effective strategies Nike football boots are successful in positioning the rectify image in the eyes of the market. Marketing mix is the nub of all marketing strategy. In a way, it can be suggested that marketing mix provides direction to the brand and if it is implemented in the right way just like the marketing mix of Nike football boots is implemented then it leads the brand to touch the zenith and allows organization to operate business lucratively. The pricing strategy, the quality of product, product features, and the way it is being promoted all these strategies speaks for the brand and are consistent with the brand image.RecommendationsAlthough the marketing mix of Nikes football boots is in its perfect form and is doing well for the busines s but, still there is some direction for improvement. Following recommendations can be made in order to leaven the brand image of Nikes football boots.The first strategy that can be adopted is of brand ambassador. Nike has brand ambassador but there is no specific brand ambassador for football boots. The product of football boots is endorsed by a lot of soccer players but there is no brand ambassador of Nikes football boots.Another thing that marketers at Nike can do to enhance the promotional campaign is to form a club. Just like Harley Davidson has a club for bike lovers Nike can also formulate online forums and clubs where soccer lovers can be the members and share their views not only about the game but about the product as well.Just like encircle it up which is a basket ball event that is sponsored by Nike several football events can also be sponsored by Nike to promote Nikes football boots.ReferencesCharles, W., Joseph, F., and Carl, D. (2008), Marketing, Cengage Learning. pp. 44Julian, V., and Michael, V. (2012), Marketing Management, Atlantic Publishers Distri. pp. 17Kotler, P. (1999), Kotler On Marketing How To Create, Win, and pretermit Markets, Simon and Schuster. pp. 70Levy, S. (1999), Brands, consumers, symbols, and research Sydney J. Levy on marketing, Sage Publication. pp. 45-47Nike.com. (2013), About products, Nike.com. pp. A-1Stevens, R. (2003), Marketing Your Business A Guide to Developing a Strategic Marketing Plan, Routledge. pp. 47-50William, E. (2004), Product life-cycles as marketing models, University of Chicago Press. pp. 31-36William, M. (2011), The Marketing Plan How to effectuate and Implement It, AMACOM. pp. 12

Health and Safety Requirements in Nursery Setting

wellness and Safety Requirements in Nursery SettingNomatter Nyawo 1. Analyse the works pr strikeices that motive to be in place in the babys room setting to operate that kidren atomic number 18 protected.The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the particular piece of legislation covering occupational health and asylum. Under this act the employers, its workers and individuals being supported obligate responsibilities to prove sanctuary is importanttained in the nursery. A copy of the act must be dis break awayed in the main communal area of the provide work premises. Working with squirtren is very aro ingestion it is a job that requires consecration and has to be planed very bearingful, you rent individualized skills for you to be capable to communicate, problem-solving and you must hire the ability to work with others. You must have skills to organise and plan activities for the children, you must know the importance of reporting and recording what young chil dren do and how this is apply in preparedness appropriate. How to evaluate your hold contribution in creating nurturing and professional servers for the children.The main purpose of legislation isTo guarantee the health, safety and welfare of staff.To protect children from take a chances arising from activities.To control the use and storage of terrible substances.To control the emissions into the atmosphere of noxious or offensive substances.In nursery and child care setting it has been observed by Ofsted that the most legal way of ensuring that children stay safe is to build activities into the day where adults are able to educate the children ab divulge staying safe. It provide be peachy if you seek service from the road safety officers who are more experienced in direction the road safety to the children in an informative and funny way so that the children will enjoy it.A description of the factors to take into account when planning healthy and safe indoor and outdoo r activities and services. It is important for the nursery to have security like to have a constituent of staff superintend the door so that children freighter be signed in and out as they arrive or depart. This will minimise the risks of parents letting foreign adults into the nursery.2. Explain the various health and safety requirements that are necessary for children wait on the setting and describe the ways in which these health and safety requirements need to be adopted to cater for the differing age groups.The nursery have to ensure that the suitability of adults who have contact with the children kick upstairs good health, manage behaviour, assert records and follow policies and procedures. The provision employs whether p maintenance or voluntary it has a duty to any other people who may be affected by its activities and have to have sufficiently aware of and practice safe systems of working in nursery settings the children are clothe in different groups and these wi ll go like how old they are for standardBabies (6 weeks to 12 months) devil-year-old toddlers (12 months to 2 days)Older toddlers (2years to 3 years)Pre-school (3 years to 5 years)Staff should continuously monitor and maintain health and safety and encourage safe working. either setting should have clear policies and procedures about altogether aspects of health and safety. entirely rooms and equipment used by children and young people should have stiff checks to ensure that eachthing is working well and is safe. Some of these checks are required by law for instance electrical equipment must be checked by a qualified electrician at least once a year. The dilemma between the rights and choices of children and young people and health and safety requirements is set by the UN Convention on the rights of the child. It identifies that children experience d matchless exploration, making choices and during parvenue experiences. Carers have the responsibility to identify potenti al hazards and judge if it is safe overflowing while allowing freedom to experience new learning opportunities. An example of this is to decease and explain the dangers of crossing the road with a child before allowing them to do it themselves.Another example is net income safety. If a child has access to the internet the parental control setting must be used. Children are likewise at risk of bullying and being contacted by adults who can be a danger to them. A child needs to be warned and informed on what to do should this occur, while being monitored by their carer. In the sideslip of a child being sick at school, for example sick the child has to be sent home. The child may take their personal belongings and do to sit in the reception area with a sick bucket as they wait for their parents. The reception should provide a comfortable environment for the child to rest in waiting. If a child has a find out on the head that has caused a large bump or some bleeding again the c hild is sent home. An ambulance is called if the child has significant bleeding and discomfort or is drowsy.Regular fire drills are carried out to prepare the children so that they dont panic. Once they hear the alarm they should stop what they are doing and walk out calmly through fire doors and know where to line up. The staff are kept to meet regularly of risks. All adults have a duty of care. If a member of staff becomes aware of a risk for example if the gate has been leave unlocked, it is their responsibility to make sure it is locked and to make a report to the caretaker or head.The children are also informed regularly of risks during assembly for example if the playground is too icy they are advised to be extra careful or informed if it is necessary to stay in at play times. The Health and Safety Act add-in has to display in a prominent place as it details safety advice. A COSHH poster covers advice on dangerous substances and how to prevent injury. Manual handling oper ations regulating 1992 supplements the general duties placed on employers and others by Health and Safety Regulations.3. measure the procedures required to cover good hygiene and explain how this should be use in the nursery setting. This can be show uped within a table. four-year-old people are taught to clear and weak up tables before or after meals. They should be reminded about good hands hygiene when assisting with dressing of fare and after visiting the lavatory.The general environment should be clean and safe.The equipment must be used and stored safelyWorking practices must promote the health and safety of children. Every employer should aware of the written statement of safety policy that is required in their setting. The Act also provides for the employees protection.The work should be safe and not pose a risk to the employees health. Safe systems of working should be in place. Adequate substances should be stored and used safely. Appropriate information, t falling and supervision should be made available for health and safety of employees. Certain injuries, diseases and occurrences should be report to the Health and Safety executive.The diagram below shows the different types of risks that need to be considered Physical risksPersonal safety risks Security risksTypes of risksEmotional risks Food safety risks Fire risksEffective risk management should become automatic as one becomes more experienced. For each activity one plans, they should think about the hazards, the likelihood of the hazards occurring and the control measures. If one sees a hazard as they go about their everyday activities, the childlike rule is to deal with it. This can be as sincere as moving a toy unexpended on the floor or cleaning up spilt water.Risk mensuratement forms are used to assess hazards and identify control measures for all activities and outings. The table below shows some examples of risk assessment for two common activities for younger children.Activ ityHazard domination measureJunk seatlingUse of scissorsSharp points and blades really young children use round ended scissors. Ensure that children know how to use it.Containers and other material being usedThey may have held food or unsafe substances egg cleaning fluidsMake sure to regularize the tins in the bin.Cleaning up after the activityWet surfaces and floors present a risk of slippingAlways mop the floorsRecent rainLack of water proof clothingChildren should stay in doors4. target and describe what should be included in a offset printing attention kit for a nursery, and discuss why paediatric first aid training for nursery staff is important.There has to be a first aid kit in every class and each MSA should be equipped with a first aid pouch for the playground. Small wounds can be cleaned and dressed outside with phials of purified water and dressed. The teacher is informed at the end of break. For head wounds a cold compressed applied and a letter sent home with the c hild giving advice on how to careA first aid kit should includePlasters in transformation different shapes and sizesSmall, medium and large sterilisedBandagesAt least two unfertilised dressingsTriangular bandagesCrepe rolled bandagesSafety pinsDisposable sterile grovesSeasonsAlcohol-free cleaning wipesSticky tapeThermometer preferably digitalAntiseptic thrashDistilled water for eye cleaningIn the nursery setting, it is important for every staff to know where the first aid kit box is kept and what is in it. A named person should be responsible for checking the kit and successor missing items although anyone using an item from the kit has responsibility to report this. Ofsted states that it is good practice for first aiders to be reliable and have good parley skills and have the aptitude and ability to absorb new knowledge and learn new skills and the ability to cope stressful and physically demanding unavoidableness procedures. first base aid certificates need to be renewed in three years from the completion date of the previous might. It is the responsibility of the manager to keep records as regularly reviewed to ensure that staff receive refresher training and when it is required.In the nursery setting a paediatric first aid qualification satisfies Ofsted requirements. Although first aid qualifications are essential paediatric first aid qualifications are tailored to Early Years settings and cover the various situations and scenarios that staff may find themselves in. For example, resuscitation is given on a paediatric resuscitation model instead of an adult one.As part of health and safety at work act 1974 and the associated regulations, if any setting does employ more than quintette staff it should have a safety policy. The policy should cover emergency procedures in the event of fire, a gas leak, bomb scare and all adults should know what to do. In the case of fire, all doors and windows should be closed and the children taken out of the premises by normal routes. Children should not be left unattended. An urgent call should be made to the fire brigade by dialling 999.Under certain circumstances accidents may need to be reported to health and safety executive particularly if the child is seriously injured, for example a major injury such(prenominal) as fractured limbs, electric stupefaction and unconsciousness. Even a minor accident requires an entry to be made in the accident book. Preventive measures may be as simple as having more adults supervise the children at outdoor play or there may be the need to change equipment or to put further safety protection in a place such as more matting under swings.BibliographyPenny Tassani, Kate Beith, Kath Bulman and Sue griffon Children and young peoples workforce, Early Learning and childcare (Level 3 Diploma), Heinemann, 2010

An Overview Of The Book Of Ruth Theology Religion Essay

An Over picture Of The contain Of commiseration Theology Religion demonstrateThe Bible is integral of inspirational c at erstpts and full of revelatory truth. magical spell the gaga Testament points to Jesus of peeled Testament, it overly contains basic doctrines that atomic number 18 schematic in the New Testament. Hence, watch expressions like kindness, faithfulness and kindness rush their root in the Hebrew Bible. Hesed is an interesting and fascinating Hebrew intelligence telephone numberivity that has a wide range of meaning. The desire to study it makes superstar to control a great deal about the characters and attri exceptes of paragon as it relates to His kindness, faithfulness, goodnessness, benevolence and steadfast love. Hesed was explicitly expressed in the Bible, most especially in the Old Testament. divinity revealed Himself to His chosen nation (Israel) through with(predicate) His personal attri savees and characters (Jenkins,20111).No discussion of hesed would be complete without mentioning its role in the interactions of Naomi, her Moabite daughter- relative-in-law condolence, and the redeemer Boaz. It is on this fact that this stem tells the pursuit questions What does the concept of hesed entails? What is the general overview of the Book of commiseration? How is hesed described in the carry of pity? And what implications do hesed present to the Nigerian Christians? This paper therefore intends to discuss how hesed was embraced and expressed in the Book of pity.THE CONCEPTS OF HESEDthither is a beautiful and rich boy in the Hebrew phrase that powerfully describes the faithfulness, mercy, steadfastness and loving-kindness of the Lord. This Hebrew word is transliterated into English as hesed (Maxey, 20121). Hesed (pronounced khesed) is non just a Hebrew word to be translated by exe overtakee as simply loving-kindness or mercy , it is in fact an attribute of perfection. The hesed of graven image is a godlike cha racteristic and is at the center of why matinee idol acts as He does in real space and time. (Belnap,2009,1)Hesed as Jenkins(2011) take a firm stand throw out be divided into the following three categories family kinds, notificational and ghostly (1). He went further to describe its occurrences in the Bible in the following wordsHesed occurs in the family relationships categories s charge times in the Old Testament, sixsome times in Genesis, once in 1samuel and once in shame. Hesed occurs in nine times in a relational path in the Old Testament- once in Ruth, once in Psalms, once in Esther, once in Daniel, twice in Ezra, once in Job, once Psalms and once Zechariah. Hesed exercising in a religious syndicate involves forty times in the Old Testament- four timed in Genesis, once in Exodus and Deuteronomy two times in second Samuel, fifteen times in Psalms. Once in 1Kings, once in 2nd Chronicles, once in Job, three times in Isaiah, once in Jeremiah, and once in Ruth. (2)The Bib le also reveals that hesed is an attribute that children of beau ideal possess and they are commanded by perfection to emulate and develop it. organism made in God image, Gods mass canister emulate the divine attribute of hesed. While the idea of loving-kindness and mercy may seem to be completely that of positive emotion, it give be demonstrated that Gods loving-kindness is a two-edged sword. Hesed can also mean a mechanism of judgment and accountability in the lead God. People can be described as having the gift of hesed or having no hesed, or no loving-kindness. Hesed is some(prenominal) a Hebrew word and more than(prenominal) importantly a Jewish theological concept. Hesed is found pretend 250 times in the Hebrew Bible, with about125 appearances in the Psalms alone. And while the word is non identified specifically as hesed in the Greek New Testament, the Old Testament concept of loving-kindness, mercy and selfless giving can be said to be the genuinely heart of th e New Testamnt Gospel. For God so loved the world that He gave (Jn 316) (Emilio, 20124).AN OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK OF shameThe Book of Ruth is taked after one of the main characters in the story. in that location are two books in the Bible that bear the name of a cleaning lady. These books are Ruth and Esther. While Ruth was Moabites, Esther on the other make pass was a Jewess. The Book of Ruth has the records of a Gentile woman who came to rest among the masses of Israel and became the great-grandmother of David, Isreal greatest king while in the Book of Esther an Israelite woman was taking into the court of the Gentile king and became a queen who secured obstetrical delivery for her populate (Cowle, 2008 22). Also, Tiessen in his write up portrays the book of Ruth as one of the most well-crafted pieces of literature in the Old Testament. He submits that contempt its lesser status within the Jewish canon and the Christian Bible, the level of Ruth is well known. This popular familiarity is largely due to the engaging and gainsay story the book offers The tale of two women who overcome several redoubted obstacles and succeed in preserving themselves and the family line, which eventually leads to the great King David (Tiessen,20101)The name of Ruth is mentioned twelve times in this book which bears her name (Heijkoop, 19897). The meaning of this name is friendship. This meaning according to Harlow (1987) reflected in the relationship of Ruth with her mother in-law (Naomi), and other people that came along her way. Even though she was a noncitizen in a strange land she blended well with the people because being friendly was section of her (5).This book of Ruth is in connective with the geneology of Jesus Christ as recorded in (Matt 1.5). Heijkoop (1989) also maintain that, The book itself beautifully illustrates how the Holy Spirit gathers up family circumstances in a manner which quite naturally directs the mind and thoughts to a very important trut h(7). This special story in the Book of Ruth draws ones perplexity to the most precious titles of the Lord Jesus Christ. The word kinsman as used here could be translated as Redeemer or Avenger. This little book of lone(prenominal) four chapters has drawn tributes from very many, and it has even been described as the Perfect Story. It is t senior simply and directly. Cundall and Morris (1968) in their own assertions described this book in the following wordsThe book is a book about friendship. The consecrateness that Ruth shows to Naomi and the heraldic bearing that Naomi exercises towards Ruth run through the book. It is simple a tale of friendship. The three principal characters of the book are depicted as being mindful of their obligations to the family. Ruth does not forget her duty to Naomi, and because to Elimelech, Naomi seeks out a marriage that volition preserve the name of her shortly soul husband while Boaz marries the Moabites to raise up the name of the dead (2 41).It is mitigate to see the book as a tale told because it is true and because it shows something of the relationship between God and man. The book of Ruth raises the question of whether or not Yahweh can be trusted. The incident suggests to Naomi that God had abandoned her or He is no more reliable. The author of the is unknown, but the last verse of chapter 4 points to the fact that it was written during the time of king David because the is where the list of Ruth descendants ends. (Harlow,1987 6). The story according to Reid (2000), is told from a female point of view and sure enough seems to commend Naomi and Ruth to believers (25).HESED IN THE BOOK OF RUTHThe book of Ruth revolves around the concept of hesed. Hesed is an active concept and it is considered as an essential part of the nature of God. The word is frequently used to describe the gracious and gracious practices of God ( granger, 1991 96). Human beings, as said earlier are also packed to show hesed to one anoth er. The Book of Ruth is about a stranger who had probably not encountered God personally but ability have been hearing her mother in-law talked about that God. This gentile woman acted as an agent of Gods hesed when she showed hesed to Naomi. When Naomi thought that every commit was gone, this non- Israelite woman that brought hope by showing kindness to her mother in-law. In accordance with this, Farmer assertedRuths speech in 116-17constitutes an act of hesed. By committing herself and her time to come to the Lord, Ruth becomes the means through which God will transform Naomis amour propre into fulfillment. The Lord will be able to work through the loving-kindness of Ruth to change a crises situation into an occasion for hope.The Book of Ruth is a special book Christians should study and ponder well upon. It has an unhappy beginning, an enigmatic middle and a happy ending. The tragedy that befell Naomi made her to forget that YHWH is mum in control and that He can serene bri ng redemption. This reflected in her statement8 thusly Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, Go endorse, distributively of you, to your mothers home. May the Lord show kindness to you, as you have shown to your dead and to me. 9 May the Lord grant that each of you will bob up rest in the home of another husband. Then she kissed them and they wept aloud 10 and said to her, We will go back with you to your people. nevertheless Naomi said, Return home, my daughters. why would you come with me? Am I going to have any more sons, who could become your husbands? 12 Return home, my daughters I am too old to have another husband. Even if I thought there was quieten hope for me even if I had a husband tonight and so gave birth to sons- 13 would you wait until they grew up? Would you remain unmarried for them? No, my daughters. It is more bitter for me than for you, because the Lords hand has gone out against me 14 At this they wept again. Then Orpah kissed her mother-in-law good-by, but Ruth clung to her. 15 Look, said Naomi, your sister-in-law is going back to her people and her gods. Go back with her. ( Ruth8-15) NIVNaomi tried to convince the women to go back home She even reminded them of their mothers house. She knew the weak spot of Moabites female. The existence of Moab was the result of unruliness of the part of Moabs first mother, who at all costs had to have a relationship with a man and have children. (Gen 1930-38) And the daughters of Moab had manifested the similar unruliness (Heijkoop 31-33). Naomi directly blames YHWH for the tragic circumstances of her flavour. Believing that everything came from God. Her situation can be related to that of Job. Job accepted the misfortune that came upon him is from God. He said break pity on me, my friends, have pity, for the hand of God has struck me. wherefore do you pursue me as God does? Will you never get enough of my flesh? (Job 1921-22). NIVBruggeman, quoted by Tiessen explained the thoughts of jo b in relation to that of Naomi in these wordsJob asks Is God reliable? And Job, in his rage, entertains the survival that Yahweh is not. Naomi, like Job, is in the throes of tragedy and likewise expresses and entertains the option that Yahweh is not reliable. admit that in 113b Naomi asserts that the hand of Yahweh is against her, and thus she excludes her daughters-in-law who also have go through profound loss through the deaths of their husbands (4).Naomi also pointed to her lonely position. A life without a husband and no children who would give her hope. All was Gods fault. Not only did Naomi try to keep her daughters-in-laws from joining her by depriving them of any hope of attend to, but she had also given them a total false picture of God, who actually is the husband to the widows and helper to the strangers. She indicated that God was responsible for all her misfortune, instead of admitting that she had brought those things upon herself by leaving God and His appointed p lace where they would have blessings (Heijkoop,36). She and her entire family chose to go to Moab neglected the place where they would have had the experience of Gods hesed as the Psalmist expressed Behold, the Lords centerfield is upon those who fear Him who revere and worship Him with awe, who wait for Him and hope in His mercy and loving-kindness,To deliver them from death and keep them alive in famine (Ps 3318-19).Naomis great effort to dissuade her daughters-in-law from accompany her seems strange, especially in view of her desire that they become true children of the Lord God of Israel. However, it seemed to be the only course she could take in view of her dire circumstances (Parker, 1980144). While Orpah yielded to the advice of her mother in-law, went back to her own people and gods. Ruth clave to her, And Ruth said, revolutionise me not to leave you or to turn back from following you for where you go I will go, and where you lodge I will lodge. Your people shall be my peo ple and your God my God. Where you die I will die, and there will I be buried. The Lord do so to me, and more also, if anything but death parts me from you (116-17).The strong desire of Ruth to go with Naomi symbolized her allegiance to her and her God. Ruth was neither obliged for expected to become her mother-in-laws source of support. But once they were back in Bethlehem she was the one who went into the fields to glean the bits of atom that the harvests missed. Ruth indeed was a good daughter in-law. Her kindness was a total self sacrifice. She took the initiative in providing for their needs by suggesting that Naomi let her glean ear of corn. Gleaning, according to Parker (147) was a special provision of God written into the law to provide for the poor, especially for strangers, widows, and orphans (Lev. 199-10 2322 Deut.2419). The practice required that owners should leave at harvest the corners of their fields and the dung of the harvesters to care for the unfortunate gro ups of people.The attitude of Ruth towards Naomi by volunteering herself to take care of her is an expression of hesed which actually belongs to YHWH. One would wonder how a gentile could flourish the attributes that Gods children should possess. Emilio responded in the following wordsHow then did Ruth, a Moabitess, come by this divine trait which was originally given by God to the descendents of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob? The answer to this mystery is not found in the Holy Bible. However the Talmudic description is of value and interest because it helps clarify the theology of hesed which is found in both the OT and NT. Simply put, the Sages held that Ruth was a direct descendent of Abraham by way of Lot. They teach that Ruth was the daughter of Eglon and the granddaughter of Balak who were direct descendents of Moab the son of Lot and nephew of Abraham. so Ruth was an inheritor of the seed of lovingkindness which Abraham planted in Lot (Emilio, 2012)The hesed that Ruth showed t o Naomi made it possible for her to meet her redeemer. Ruth met Boaz and received unexpected flattery and favour.11And Boaz said to her, I have been made fully informed of all you have done for your mother-in-law since the death of your husband, and how you have left your contract and mother and the land of your birth and have come to a people unknown to you before. 12The Lord recompense you for what you have done, and a full reward be given you by the Lord, the God of Israel, under Whose locomote you have come to take refuge 13Then she said, permit me find favor in your sight, my lord. For you have comforted me and have talk to the heart of your maidservant, though I am not as one of your maidservants. 14And at mealtime Boaz said to her, Come here and eat of the carbohydrate and dip your morsel in the sour wine mixed with oil. And she sat beside the reapers and he passed her some parched grain, and she ate until she was satisfied and she had some left for Naomi. 15And when sh e got up to glean, Boaz ordered his young men, Let her glean even among the sheaves, and do not reproach her. Ruth 211-15The writer of this paper has notice that Ruth and Boaz are like-minded people. The similarities between them are emphasized. Reid (2000), enumerates their similarities as follows Boaz praised Ruth for her kindness to Naomi (Ruth 211-12) and Ruth praised Boaz for his generous kindness to her (Verses 10, 13). As Boaz enters the field, he pronounced a kindly phrase, The Lord be with you(verse 4). This suggests that Boaz is such a leader who values and respected his employees. The workers respond, The Lord bless you Boaz is clearly a good, kind man who is suitable for good, kind Ruth (41).Studying this Book one will discover that God is at work even in the lives of his people. Ruths story reveals loud and clear that through the ordinary and unorthodox aspects of everyday life, one experience the reality of Gods care (Reid, 200025-28).IMPLICATIONS OF HESED FOR NIGERI AN CHRISTIANSHesed in the book of Ruth is significant to the Nigerian Christians. It expresses how good and faithful YHWH is to His promises. He remembered Naomi in her low estate (Psalm 136 23), even though she and her family brought the tragedy upon themselves. many another(prenominal) Nigerians Christians today run to Oversee countries because of the economical situation of their father land. whatever of them are lost not remembering home again. The writer of this paper is of the opinion that there is still hope for Nigeria. The situation can still be better than what it is, if only Nigerian Christians can hope in God and trust Him absolutely.Similarly, hesed in the Book of Ruth stresses both family and corporation truety. Naomi thought first of the welfare of her daughters-in-law. She always acted with their best interest in mind. Boaz was noble. Ruth was loyal. Kent, (1980) submits that the simple narrative also amply illustrates the Lords providential care. God is clearly at work in the lives of those open to Him (143). Nigerian Christians are to commit to one another so as to be of help to one another in terms of needs an adage says a friend in need is a friend indeedAlso, as God expressed hesed (mercy) to His people, He expects them to reciprocate. God was ever faithful and devoted to His people (Israel) in the ancient time and He is still the same God of the contemporary times. In like manner does He expect faithfulness, total dedication and devotional life from the Nigerian Christians. The Christian leadership are expected to be faithful and dedicated to the position they are holding. They should be mindful of the welfare of their followers. As God is good and loyal to His promises, Boaz was good and kind to his followers so the Nigerian Christians should be good and loyal to one another. Also, Nigerian Christians should see God as a God of love and should demonstrate that love into their personal lives and ministries towards others. By doing th is, Christians will be able to demonstrate to the world in words and whole works that their lives are grounded in the character of God who loves and desires to redeem the world through the person and work of Jesus Christ.Furthermore, it is worth noting that God can use anybody, no matter how rough the background may be. Willingness and readiness is what He desires. In like manner, Christians should pay sacrifice of taking other peoples problem upon themselves. They should be mindful of poor and the needy around them.CONCLUSIONHesed, is indeed a word denoting emotion but it is more a word of action. On the other hand, hesed is a gift from God, that is to say, God imparts a poster of His loving kindness to His children. And He expects all His children to express it to one another. Hesed, as used in this paper reveals the characters of three major people, Naomi, Ruth and Boaz. more in this world have experienced the tragedy of Naomi and long for God to be present and active amidst situations where He does not always act in the way human beings expect. But absolute trust in Him will end in a happy way.

The importance of the theory of Keynesian Economics

The importance of the surmisal of Keynesian EconomicsThe possibleness of economics c each(prenominal)ed Keynesian Economics, or Keynesianism, is named afterward the British economic expert John Maynard Keynes. Keynes lived from 1883 1946, and was considered the greatest and most influential economist of the 20th century. (Kangas, 1996). It was the utilisation of the Keynesian Theory of economics by the disposal that was a strong influence of the Great printing coming to an final stage. Because of this, he is known as the father of modern economics. (Kangas, 1996).When Keynes first suggested the use of his guess to help solve the problems of the Great Depression, he was not met with the same enthusiasm. Because of the implausible size and widespread effects of the Great Depression, m whatever felt that any cause of such(prenominal) devastation must be as manifold as the results. Keynes, however, had a simple account statement of the cause of the Great Depression. In fact, upon sharing his conjecture with President Franklin Roosevelt, the President dismissed his words by saying that such a opening is in addition easy. (Kangas, 1996).The theory for which was considered too easy (Kangas, 1996) by President Roosevelt was actually fairly simple. In regards to the explanation of slouchs in the economy, Keynes had a simple reasoning. Keynes explained that in any normal economy, the train of employment is high, and therefore the earnings of the the great unwashed ar spent as usual, meaning there is a circular light of money in the economy. With this circular flow, the money spent by one person becomes the income of other person, and those earnings atomic number 18 spent and become the earnings of the previous person. However, when something happens in the economy to worry consumers and shake their confidence, those consumers allow then decide to unbosom their money or else of exp kiboshing it to prepare for whatever lies ahead. Unfortunately the miserliness of that consumer impart advert other people because the money drop a lined instead of spent is no longer given to the intended person. When people save instead of spend, it affects others that are no longer getting the expected income, and they will then start saving themselves. It becomes a viscous circle which makes the measure and economy more difficult. (Kangas, 1996).With the obviously negative effects that a slump would cause within an economy, Keynes devised a cure for the problem. The cure for this problem, which is also considered to be quite simple, is for banks to enlarge or expand the cede of money. By doing so, the people would have more money, which would increase confidence in the economy by the consumer now having more earnings. With the increased confidence, people would begin to spend, which would re-establish the circular flow of money. (Kangas, 1996).The larger problem of the Great Depression, however, was much larger than that of a recession, or slump. Keynes belief of the depression was that it was actually a recession that had fallen into something called a liquidity trap. (Kangas, 1996). A liquidity trap is due to those people that pick out to save their money rather than spend, and will continue to do so regardless of how much the supply of money is increased by the organization. receivable to the lack of consumer disbursal, Keynes believed that the government should then be the one doing the spending, since the consumers were not. This idea of increase government spending was considered a final effort by the government to reestablish the circular flow of money. (Kangas, 1996). In Keynes own words, he called this ultimate effort by the government, priming the pump. (Kangas, 1996).Although in the end Keynes theories were utilise to end the Great Depression, they were at first rejected. To many economists, the end of the Great Depression was caused by World War II, in which the United States started spending gr eat amounts of money on defense. Because of this, many say that wars are good for the economy. (Kangas, 1996). Wars are considered to cause an economic yowl due to the massive amounts of spending during the war, which is in extent the definition of Keynesian spending. With Keynesian spending, the U.S. went to the greatest economic boom ever, from the greatest depression ever, all due to the theory of Keynesian Economics. The use of Keynesian Economics during this time was so successful that President Nixon declared, We are all Keynesians now. (Kangas, 1996). This view of Keynesian Economics was dominant from the 1940s to the 1970s, until others began to take exception this theory. (Boyes Melvin, 2008, p.347).In an explanation of Keynesian Economics by Alan S. Blinder (2008), he defines Keynesian Economics as a theory of total spending in the economy (called conglobation demand) and its effects on takings and inflation. Upon researching Keynesian Economics, there appear to be ma ny principal ideas to the theory. The first idea, or belief, is that aggregate demand is influenced by a host of economic decisions some(prenominal) public and private and sometimes behaves erratically. (Blinder, 2008). These economic decisions are based on things like spending and taxes. Many economists believe that both taxes and spending affect aggregate demand. (Blinder, 2008)Another belief of Keynesian Economics is that changes in aggregate demand, whether anticipated or unanticipated, have their greatest short- gush effect on real output and employment, not on prices. (Blinder, 2008). This idea is shown when inflation slow rises as unemployment falls. This belief of Keynesians is that what can be seen in the short run is not necessarily the same as the long run. Also, due to the inflexibility of prices, any changes or fluctuations in spending, whether by government spending, investment, or consumption, will cause a change or fluctuation of output. For example, if there is an increase in government spending, then an increase in output should occur, as long as the other areas of spending are constant. (Blinder, 2008).In addition, this warning of Keynesian economics also has a multiplier effect. With this multiplier effect, output increases by a multiple of the original change in spending that caused it. (Blinder, 2008). For this multiplier to work, however, it must not be less than zero. Also, in so far another belief of Keynesians is that prices, and especially wages, respond slowly to changes in supply and demand, resulting in periodic shortages and surpluses, especially of labor. (Blinder, 2008). In this belief, it is stated that flexibility is restrain in terms of wages and prices, no matter the arrangements. (Blinder, 2008)These beliefs are all included in the theory of Keynesian Economics. Although this theory was greatly used during the 1940s to the 1970s, it became much less commonly used, and was replaced with other economic theories. Sinc e then, however, the theory of Keynesian Economics had made a coming back. The main reason for this comeback was due to the ability of this theory to explain the events that have happen since the end of the Great Depression better than many other economic theories. (Blinder, 2008).In conclusion, the theory of Keynesian Economics was an extremely important part of the autobiography of the economy. This theory was an enormous part of the end of the Great Depression. It also was a key in giving an explanation to the various changes in the economy, such as slumps and recessions. While not all economists may agree that this theory is the way to correct problems in the economy, it was very obviously the correct theory needed for its time. Because of the importance of this theory, the creator of the theory, John Maynard Keyes, is considered the father of modern economics. (Kangas, 1996).