Last community group modifed

A companionship Group is a stem of nation who come together to pursue a common get under ones skin or interest for the good of their companyIn capital of Kuwait, a few fellowship companys which were formed in the past were principally strongly linked to the government and their decisions were influenced by the governments whims. Among the community groups prominent in Kuwait, was devil Al-Zakah Al-Kuwaiti, which armed serviceed the underprivileged people and economically disadvantaged countries, the Kuwaiti Disable Club established in 1971, and the environmental Public Authority which was a joint venture by government associations and community groups. These groups were the first agencies in Kuwait that was interested in environmental betterment of the society.In 1992, when there was an oil well fire in Kuwait caused by the Iraqi soldiers, volunteers lent their jocking hands to the firemen to stop quell the fire. Soon afterwards, the Volunteers figure out subject matter (VWC) was established. However due to a number of reasons like family responsibility, priorities after the war, hot environment, lack of familiarity about the importance of conscious give, educational backwardness of the masses etc, people didnt come front in large numbers to offer voluntary services. This is compounded by the fact that the government offered a high standard of living to the people.In recent times, a number of community groups were formed in Kuwait, which was free and free of government influence. These groups which played an important role in the social reforms of Kuwait are change integrity into two sectionsSection 1 This group were entitled the Volunteers Work Centre, consisting of (14 groups), such(prenominal) as The Disable Centre. each(prenominal) group in this section has their own voluntary program and they interacted with other groups to discuss and update their operate on strategies. Section 2 This section consists of groups who are working indepen dently of the previous section, such as The honkytonk Centre.This essay will discuss briefly the group community development in Kuwait with several(prenominal) success stories.Group Community DevelopmentDue to the timely and successful voluntary services provided by the Volunteer Centre, especially in controlling the burning oil fields and because of the support that they feature received from the government, different community groups have been established under aegis of the Volunteer Centre. The Voluntary Centre has acted as a unifying factor in in brining different community groups under one umbrella.The community groups together with the Volunteer Centre sensibilise the masses about the need of voluntary services, and about their works as well through the help of media. In order to sensitize the masses, they mostly choose specific days in the shopping malls, to do their surveys, to educate the people, and to create awareness about the importance of voluntary services. Shoppi ng malls are chosen for furtherance and awareness building purpose because most people frequent such malls. The groups also initiated programs in schooldays and University premises to encourage young people to come forward and join voluntary services, since sensitizing the jr. generation was easier than older people. The internet too had become an attractive tool for sensitization of masses and to figure the community groups to the society.Due to sensitization efforts, volunteers started to enrol directly to specific community groups however, most of the volunteers went directly to the Volunteer Centre and they were assigned to various community groups according to their area of interests. Some of the volunteers had no specific backgrounds in community service or voluntary work, while others had meagre experience and could not decide where they would encounter best. For such groups, the Volunteer Centre had specific programs to train them in specific area and then divide them in to groups that fit their interests. Besides this, the Volunteer Centre provides volunteers to specific group community when they request for volunteers, or train unexampled members on request.Sometimes when a group is faced with problems which can not be resolved within the group, it seeks the help from other groups through the Volunteer Centre for specialized intervention. The Volunteer Centre, through networking with different community groups finds specializer from other groups suitable for resolving the issue. For instance, if the Disabled People Centre, which is one of the Volunteer Centre 14 groups, encountered a problem with their website, they can request the Volunteer Centre to provide them specialised manpower from community group with IT expertise to resolve their crisis. Another example of significant cooperation between the Volunteer Centre groups can be seen from the fact that the Horses Group, after being requested by the Disabled People Centre, has trained horses e specially for the handicapped people.One of the successful group community under The Volunteer Centre of section one, is The Disabled People Centre. This nerve centre was formed in 1999 The organizational structure of the Centre consists of a manager, assistant manager, secretaries and specialists etc. Voluntary work is carried out in a systematic and formal manner. Any request or help want from the Centre has to be formally registered, along with a written application, which is either approved or disapproved with the assume of members or secretaries. The centre has dress code for volunteers and uniforms are provided by the centre.The Disabled People Centre is change integrity into several sub-centres. While one sub-centre directly deals with the patients, another organizes the media campaign and look after publicity affairs. provided another sub-centre solicits and coordinates donation by seeking financial help either from individual donors or sanction agencies or as well as request equipments from prospective donors for the disabled people. One sub-section coordinates with other groups (local or overseas), organize competitions, ceremonies as well as other public relations campaigns.Another successful independent community group of section 2 is The Kuwait divers centre which started with two leadership in 1995. The group taught diving to members of other groups and made them understand the importance of diving for the nourishion of nautical environment. The group set up overseas trips to gain first hand experience, so that they could compare the difference between the marine environments of Kuwait with other places. The group runs as a team which consists of two leaders, their assistants, eight core members and 94 volunteers. It seeks to extrapolate the diving sport and to conserve the environment, particularly the marine environment. The community group is divided into two splitThe training team teaches interested people how to dive. In the proce ss, they expect some of these people to join their team, so ensuring a sustainable future for the community group. The environmental conservation team, which educates the trainers about the need to save and protect our environment, also publishes and distributes educational brochures, and take resort to other forms of media channels such as TV and radio set to educate the broader community.Both the team coordinate with each other under the direct guidance of group leaders and their assistants. The age and the qualifications of the members play an important role in determining the members position in the teams hierarchy. It is part of the Kuwaiti tradition and culture to respect a person positioned supra in the hierarchy.The diver centre has accomplished some great task in the field of marine conservation which earned them more attention and recognition. This has helped in their expansion and growth. Till date, they have trained about 780 trainers, discovered wrecked ships in the Persian Gulf, trained members of the Ministry of Interior, published the Kuwait Marine Environment encyclopaedia, discovered and mapped good diving spots in Kuwait, and was the first group train the disabled people in the Middle East.The cooperation between the Kuwait Disabled People Club (different from Disabled People Centre) and the diverse Group has earned great respect and accolade from the society in general, and other community groups in particular. Since the group has demonstrated success with handicapped people, other groups from overseas have expressed their interest in the Kuwaiti diver groups diving program for the disabled.The successful endeavour by the voluntary groups of Kuwait has earned them great respect (both locally and internationally) and demand for their services has grown manyfold since their inception. Due to the elegant size of Kuwait, the groups activities were widely dispersed. For the successful functioning of the community groups, the cooperation of the society is crucial. Cash or cheque donations as well as donations in terms of goods and services by generous Kuwaiti citizens helped these community groups cope with emergency situations with commendable ease.

Family Photo Albums

J Lee Matt Schwisow ENGL 101 16 July 2012 Family Photo Albums Every summer on our family vacation my perplex would say One, two, three, cheese and snap a motion-picture showgraph. My brother and I always hated being in the pictures and wondered why she still made us be in the picture. So why did my mother take a firm stand on making us be in the picture? She wanted us to be fitting to remember every place we prolong traveled together and capture the memory. The fact we take ruptures is a sign we want to preserve our memories.Memories with family and friends can be remembered by taking photographs. Photographs arent just for the stake of taking but they also have great personal meaning and are essential to how we may view our own lives. Naturally a humans memory does not have the index to recall all events from the past. Therefore, photographs are representations we use to capture the past and recollect those days. Family albums have played a significant role as a directory o f family ideology. It is a remembrance of our family history and it holds sentimental ties within us.Viewing photographs of deceased person loved bingles enables to document their lives as they happened and to remember all the memories they had made. I believe that family photographs are form of ethnic and personal artifacts expressing unity or coherence. The unity of my familys photo album has so very much consequence clustered into integrity book. Despite the fact this album may be insignificant to others, it carries so much meaning to myself personally. It is a visual of my past and present life. It shows a way of communication and indicated how my family interacts within to each one other and our relationship among us.It highlights the most cardinal days of each one of us lives such as natal days, family gathering, graduation, wed photos, and more. Family photo albums represent propagation of happiness and sadness, but as a whole they are one item that can inform us of our family history in such a significant way. For instance, one can represent something so happy and excited in my life such as birthday society and other one can bring sadness from looking at a photo of past loved ones I lost. One photo that is itemly special to me is a group family coolness that was taken at our yearly family gathering back inKorea. Every year we used to go camping in the woods or at least have a big barbeque party for about twenty people gathered up including my aunts, uncles, and cousins. This particular photo symbolizes my family sticking together as one. Although the moments passed me by, these photographs keep the memory alive. I know that whenever I am feeling sad or depressed, I can just look back and remember the good times I had with my family who lives so utmost away. Nowadays, most people keep their photographs online such as on their personal webpage or Facebook.However, having the photographs printed and keeping them inside our actual real photo albums seems more meaningful and heart touching. I believe photographs represent the memorialise of a time offering eyewitness version of history that reflects relationships among people, objects, and events. For instance, before I was born my parental grandparents passed away and I was never given the opportunity to get to know them in person. I was delighted to see the photos of them in our family photo album that my dad showed me when I was young. Photographs offer proof of past lives and they hold out their power of a personal expression of a time.Family photographs are signifiers of a collective life and it is a constant reminder of a connectedness like kinship or friendship. For instance, in times of stop or disconnected relations among people, including times of war, when isolation and displacement become the regulation. At that time the family photograph provides reassurance or encouragement and it reconnects individuals and addresses the lost balance. Personal images, like family photographs, offer an emotional and even ideological creative activity for memory to remind us of these differences in order to understand the present.I definitely want to share this prosperous experience to my own children later in life because I feel that I truly have benefited from knowing about my youth even those events that I do not remember. Even that one particular photo could bring back the memories and that one particular photo could remind us to never hinder that event, person, and place and be in my mind and heart forever. Family photo albums may take time and muscularity to complete but it is worthy and it presents a reward of a book full of memories of your own family. altogether the events that took place throughout the history of my life are all kept together collectively.It highlights the most important events that have happened to my life so far. Lastly, I believe family photographs are perishable commodities that need to be preserved. by and by a ll, you dont make memories but you live them. A family album is almost a cute heritage or legacy that speaks volume about my cherished times and keeping up the persistent and valuable memories of a family reunion, a picnic, birthday, get together or any other family celebrations and good times with a well kept family album. Family memoirs, vintage or new, are priceless and cannot be bartered or change for anything.

A Corpus-Based Analysis of Mixed Code in Hong Kong Speech

2012 International Conference on Asian Language bear on A Corpus-based Analysis of Mixed Code in Hong Kong Speech John Lee Halliday Centre for intellectual Applications of Language Studies Department of Chinese, Translation and Linguistics City University of Hong Kong emailprotected edu. hk AbstractWe present a head teacher-based analysis of the utilize of complicated code in Hong Kong language. From transcriptions of Cantonese television programs, we identify slope dustup embedded within Cantonese utterances, and study the motivations for such code-switching.Among the m either motivations observed in previous research, we found that four alone banknote for much than 95% of the pulmonary tuberculosis of face talking toing to in our row data across genres, genders, and age groups. We performed analyses everyplace more than 60 hours of transcribed speech, resulting in one of the vauntinglyst empirical studies to-date on this linguistic phenomenon. Key wrangling-code-m ixing slope head teacher linguistics. code-switching Cantonese II. PREVIOUS RESEARCH I. INTRODUCTIONWhile Cantonese is the mother tongue for the vast legal age of the people in Hong Kong, English is to a fault spoken by 43% of the population 1, reflecting the citys heritage as a British colony. A healthful-known feature of the speech in Hong Kong is code-switching, i. e. , the juxtaposition of passages of speech belonging to 2 different grammatical establishments or sub-systems, within the same exchange 2. Specifically, in the case of Hong Kong, the two grammatical systems argon Cantonese and English.The former serves as the matrix language, and the latter as the embedded language, resulting in Cantonese sentences with English segments such as (example taken from 3) butt jointteen heoi3 canteen jam2 caa4 lets go to the canteen for eat Here, the English segment delivers only one word (canteen), but in general, it can be a whole clause. We will use the general margin code-s witching rather than the more specific term code-mixing, which refers to switching below the clause level, even though most English segments in our star thusly contain only one or two wrangling (see sidestep 3).T present is already a large body of literature devoted to the study of Cantonese-English code-switching from the theoretical linguistic point of view 3,4,5. This paper investigates the motivations fag the use of complex code, on the basis of a large dataset of speech transcribed from television programs. In air division II, we outline previous research on the motivations of code-switching, and discuss how our investigation complements theirs. In Section III, we limn our methodology for star construction, in particular the design of the taxonomy of code-switching motivations.In Section IV, we present an analysis of these motivations jibe to genre, gender and age. The first major framework for classifying codeswitching motivations in Hong Kong consists of two categor ies carpetbag and orientational 6. Central to this framework is the distinction surrounded by words in high Cantonese and low Cantonese. In everyday conversations, a vocaliser or sotimes cannot identify any word from low Cantonese to describe an object, institution or idea (e. g. , application form). employ a word from high Cantonese (e. g. , biu2 gaak3), however, would sound too formal and therefore stylistically inappropriate.In expedient mixing, the vocalizer resorts to an English word the mixing is pragmatically motivated. In contrast, orientational mixing is socially motivated. The speaker chooses to use English (e. g. , barbecue) despite the availability of uniform words from both low Cantonese (e. g. , siu2 je5 sik6) and high Cantonese (e. g. , siu1 haau1), since he perceives the put forward matter to be inherently more western. This dichotomy has been criticized as overly simplistic, because of the ambiguity in defining lexical and stylistic equivalents among low C antonese, high Cantonese, and English.Instead, a four-way taxonomy is proposed euphemism, specificity, bilingual punning, and the linguistic rule of economy 7. This taxonomy is indeed further extended, in a study of code-switching in text media 8, to include quotations, doubling, identity marking, and interjection. These categories will be explained in detail in Section III. While these compartmentalisation systems atomic number 18 comprehensive and well grounded, they do not per se convey any sense of the relative importance or distribution of the different motivations.Our goal is, first, to empirically verify the coverage of these classification systems on a large dataset of transcribed speech and, second, to give quantitative answers to questions such as Which kinds of motivations ar the most prominent? Does the range of motivations differ according to the speech genre, or to the speakers gender or age? We now turn our maintenance to the methodology for constructing and an notating a speech corpus for these research purposes. III. DATA A. Source Material Our corpus is constructed from television programs broadcast in Hong Kong within the last four years by Television Broadcasts expressage (TVB).The programs belong to a variety of genres, including two drama series, three current-affairs take the stands, a news program, and a talk of the town show. The news program, TVB News at Six-Thirty, carries the most formal register, containing mostly pre-planned 165 978-0-7695-4886-9/12 $26. 00 2012 IEEE DOI 10. 1109/IALP. 2012. 10 speech by the anchor. The current-affairs shows, Tuesday hide, Sunday Report and Hong Kong Connection, argon serious in tone but contain spontaneous discussions. The talk show, My Sweets, is about food and drink.It alike contains spontaneous discussions, but the topics tend to be lighter. Although pre-planned, the speech in both drama series, Moonlight plangency and Yes Sir, Sorry Sir, is arguably the least formal in register, d esigned to reflect natural speech in everyday life. Details of these TV programs are presented in Table 1. Table 1 Television programs that serve as the source material of our corpus. Genre class Length authoritative Tuesday Report ( ), 135 episodes affairs ), X 20 minutes Sunday Report ( Hong Kong Connection ( ) Talk 24 episodes My Sweets ( ) show X 30 minutesEuphemism When a Cantonese word explicitly mentions something that the speaker finds embarrassing, s/he might favor for an English word that contains no such mention. For example, to avoid the effeminate body part hung1 breast in the word hung1 wai4 bra, the speaker might prefer to use the English bra (all examples are taken from 7) bra tau3 bra gaak3 gaak3 A princess whose bra is visible Specificity sometimes an English expression is preferred because its meaning is more general or specific compared with its near-synonymous counterparts, 7 in every low or high Cantonese.For example, the verb to book means to make a reserv ation for which no property or deposit is required, which is more specific than its closest equivalent in Cantonese, deng6 to make a reservation. It is often used in sentences such as book ngo5 soeng2 book saam1 dim2 I take to book 3 oclock Principle of Economy An English expression may also be preferred because it is shorter and thus requires less linguistic effort compared with its Chinese/Cantonese equivalent. 7 While the word check in has two syllables, its Cantonese equivalent baan6 lei5 dang1 gei1 sau2 zuk6 check-in on a plane has six.The principle of economy is thus likely the reason rump compound code such as check-in nei5 check-in zo2 mei6 aa3 Have you checked in already? The taxonomy in 8 builds on the one in 7, further enriching it with categories2 below Quotation When citing text or somebody elses speech, one often prefers to use the original code to avoid having to perform translation. An example is lineal speech What do you think? jau5 go3 pang4 jau5 man6 ngo5 what do you think A friend asked me, What do you think? manifold Originally named Emphasis or avoidance of repetition 8, it will be referred to as two-bagger 9 here to make it explicit, as this category refers to English words that are embedded alongside Cantonese words that puzzle the same or nearly the same meaning. The purpose is to emphasize the idea or to avoid repetitions. In the following sentence, it serves as an emphasis 2 News Drama TVB News at Six-Thirty ( ) Moonlight Resonance ( ), Yes Sir, Sorry Sir ( Sir Sir) 5 episodes X 20 minutes 4 episodes X 45 minutes B.Data touch From the television programs listed in Table 1, all code-mixed utterances were transcribed, preserving the original languages, either Cantonese or English. Following standard practice, lend words are not see to ited to be mixed code in our context, all English words (e. g. , taxi) that have been adapted into Cantonese phonology (e. g. , dik1 si2) were excluded. The TV legends corresponding to eac h of these utterances are also put down as part of the corpus. These captions are in standard Chinese, rather than Cantonese.Furthermore, alignments between the Chinese word(s) in the caption and the English word(s) in the utterance are annotated. This information will be used in the classification of motivations. Finally, two kinds of metadata about the speaker are recorded gender (male or female) and age group (teenager or adult). C. Taxonomy of Code-Switching Motivations Our goal is to quantitatively characterize the motivations behind code-switching to this end, each English segment in the Cantonese sentences in our corpus is to be labeled with a motivation. Due to time constraint, this classification was performed only on the currentaffairs and talk shows.The expedient vs. orientational classification system is too coarse for our purpose. Instead, we adopted the taxonomy in 7,8 as our starting line point, indeed introduced some new categories to accommodate our data. The cat egories in 7 are1 1 A fourth category, bilingual punning, is excluded from our taxonomy. As may be expected, punning is rarer in speech, and is indeed not found in our corpus. Among these categories is identity marking, for mixed code that marks social characteristics such as social status, education status, occupation, as well as regional affiliation. 8 We found it difficult to objectively identify this motivation, and excluded it from our taxonomy. 166 precise good very good m4 co3 aa1 Very good, very good interposition English interjections may be inserted into the Cantonese sentence. For example Anyway anyway nei5 hou2 sai1 lei6 ak1 Anyway, you are awesome A significant count of mixed code in our corpus, however, still does not competent into any of the above categories. Most fall under one of two reasons, Personal Name and enter.We therefore added them to our taxonomy Register This is roughly equivalent to the expedient category in 6, but will be referred to as Register in this paper to make the motivation explicit. Sometimes, the speaker cannot find any equivalent low Cantonese word, but feels awkward to use a more formal high Cantonese word (e. g. , paai1 deoi3 caller). As a result, s/he resorts to an English equivalent instead. For example, party hoi1 ci2 laa1 ngo5 dei6 go3 party Our party is starting Personal Name It is common practice among Hong Kong people to adopt an English name.Although this phenomenon may be considered orientational codemixing in terms of the western perception 6, it is given its own category, because it is very specific and accounts for a substantial amount of our data. A typical example is Teresa, Teresa ngo5 dei6 zing2 dak1 leng3 m4 leng3 Teresa, did we make it nicely? D. Annotation Procedure We thus have a total of eight categories in our taxonomy of code-switching motivations. Five of these categories namely, euphemism, quotation, doubling, interjection, and personal name can usually be unambiguously discerned.Th e annotator, however, has often found it difficult to distinguish between specificity, register, and principle of economy. To maintain consistency, we adopted the following procedure. When an English segment does not fit into any of the fiver easy categories, the annotator is to decide whether it has the same meaning as the Chinese word in the caption to which it is aligned. If it is deemed not to have the same meaning, then it is assigned specificity. If it is equivalent in meaning, and the annotator cannot think of any equivalent in low Cantonese, then it is labeled register.Lastly, if there is a low Cantonese equivalent, but its number of syllables is bigger than that of the English segment, then the motivation is principle of economy. IV. ANALYSIS English segments in Cantonese speech (section A), then discuss the distribution of the categories of motivations, both overall and with respect to genres, genders, and age groups (section B). A. Density and Length of English Segments It is well known that English words are sprinkled rather liberally in the Cantonese speech in Hong Kong. We standard how the frequency of English segments varies across different genres.As shown in Table 2, the frequency correlates with the register of the genre (see Section III. A). In the drama series, the most colloquial genre, one and a half English words are uttered per minute on average. The talk show occupies second place, and the current affairs shows have slightly less frequent English words. In the news program, where the speech is preplanned, the anchor did not utter any English word. Table 2 The total number of Cantonese sentences containing English segments, and the total number of English words transcribed. The last column shows how often an English word is uttered.Program genre Drama Talk show Current affairs News sent with English 219 487 1495 0 English words 259 625 1995 0 Frequency (words/min) 1. 4 0. 87 0. 74 0 Second, we measure the length of the English segme nts. Table 3 shows that the vast majority of English segments contain no more than two words. Across all genres, more than 80% of the English segments consist of only one English word. This figure is comparable to the 81. 4% for text data account in 8. Table 3 Proportion of English segments with only one (e. g. , canteen) or two words (e. g. , thank you).Program genre Drama Current affairs Talk show One-word 85% 85% 81% Two-word 11% 11% 17% This section presents some preliminary analyses on this corpus. We first consider the frequency and length of B. Motivations for the use of mixed code A plethora of motivations have been posited for the use of mixed code in Hong Kong (see Section II). Applying our proposed classification system (see Section III. C) on our corpus of transcribed speech, we call for now to discern the relative prevalence of the various kinds of codeswitching motivations. Table 4 shows the distribution of these motivations in the current-affairs and the talk shows. Four dominant motivations chiefly register, but also personal name, principle of economy, and specificity are attributed to more than 95% of the English segments. This trend is the same across genres (current-affairs and talk shows), genders (see Table 6), and age groups (see Table 5). All other categories, including quotations, euphemism, doubling, and interjection, are relatively infrequent. Genres. Among the four dominant motivations, register the use of appropriately unaffixed words is the most frequent motivation in both the current-affairs and 167 talk shows.Its proportion, however, is significantly more marked (47. 4%) in the talk show than in current affairs (36. 4%), reflecting the more versed nature of the former. Table 4 statistical distribution of code-switching motivations, contrasted between genres. Motivation Current affairs Talk show Register 36. 4% 47. 4% Personal Name 26. 8% 24. 5% Principle of economy 19. 0% 17. 6% Specificity 13. 2% 8. 2% Quotation 2. 1% 1 . 0% image 1. 4% 0. 4% Interjection 0. 9% 1. 0% Euphemism 0. 3% 0% Age groups. Table 5 contrasts the distributions of code-switching motivations between adults and teenagers in the current-affairs shows 3 .As mentioned above, the four major motivations remain constant. However, teenagers are much more likely than adults to use English words to achieve more informal register (52. 4% vs. 35. 1%). They also tend more to opt for English to save effort (23. 8% vs. 18. 6%). Somewhat surprisingly at first glance, teenagers speak to others in English name less often than adults (2. 4% vs. 28. 8%) it turns out that in the conversations in our corpus, teenagers often prefer to address adults with the more formal Chinese names, likely out of respect.Table 5 scattering of code-switching motivations, contrasted between age groups. Motivation Adults Teenagers Register 35. 1% 52. 4% Personal Name 28. 8% 2. 4% Principle of economy 18. 6% 23. 8% Specificity 13. 1% 14. 3% Quotation 1. 9% 4. 0% Do ubling 1. 3% 2. 4% Interjection 0. 9% 0% Euphemism 0. 3% 0. 8% use English names to address others (32. 9% vs. 18. 9%) men, on the other hand, more frequently use English words to reduce effort (22. 9% vs. 14. 8%). V. CONCLUSIONS We have described the construction of a corpus of Cantonese-English mixed code, based on speech transcribed from television programs in Hong Kong.Drawn from more than 60 hours of speech, this corpus is among the largest of its type. A novel feature of the corpus is the annotation of the motivation behind each code-mixed utterance. Having proposed a classification system for these motivations, we applied it on our corpus, and reported differences in the use of mixed code between genres, genders and age groups. A key finding is that four main motivations register, personal name, principle of economy, and specificity account for more than 95% of the embedded English segments.ACKNOWLEDGMENT This project was partially funded by a Small-Scale investigate Grant from the Department of Chinese, Translation and Linguistics at City University of Hong Kong. We thank Man Chong Mak and Hiu Yan Wong for compiling the corpus and performing annotation. REFERENCES 1 K. H. Y. Chen, The Social Distinctiveness of Two Code-mixing Styles in Hong Kong, in Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism, MA Cascadilla Press, 2005, pp. 527541. J. Gumperz, The sociolinguistic significance of conversational code-switching, in RELC Journal 8(2), 1977, pp. 134. J.Gibbons, Code-mixing and koineizing in the speech of students at the university of Hong Kong, in Anthropological Linguistics 21(3), 1979, pp. 113123. B. H. -S. Chan, How does Cantonese-English code-mixing work? , in Language in Hong Kong at Centurys End, M. C. Pennington (ed. ), 1998, pp. 191216, Hong Kong Hong Kong University Press. D. C. S. Li, Linguistic convergence Impact of English on Hong Kong Cantonese, in Asian Englishes 2(1), 1999, pp. 536. K. K. Luke, Why two languages might be better than one motivations of language mixing in Hong Kong, in Language in Hong Kong at Centurys End, M.C. Pennington (ed. ), 1998, pp. 145159, Hong Kong Hong Kong University Press. D. C. S. Li, Cantonese-English code-switching research in Hong Kong a Y2K review, in World Englishes 19(3), 2000, pp. 305 322. H. Cao, teaching of a Cantonese-English code-mixing speech recognition system, PhD dissertation, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. R. Appel and P. Muysken, Language contact and bilingualism. London Arnold, 1987. 2 3 4 5 6 Table 6 Distribution of code-switching motivations, contrasted between genders.Motivation Female Male Register 37. 5% 40. 7% Personal Name 32. 9% 18. 9% Principle of economy 14. 8% 22. 9% Specificity 10. 9% 13. 2% Quotation 1. 9% 1. 7% Doubling 1. 1% 1. 3% Interjection 0. 7% 1. 1% Euphemism 0. 3% 0. 2% Genders. Finally, we investigate whether codeswitching motivations are sloped according to gender. Aggregating statistics from both the current-affairs a nd talk shows, Table 6 compares the motivations of males and those of females. Females are shown to be more likely to 3 7 8 9 The speakers in the talk show are predominantly adults. 168

My Progress in Writing

My Progress in piece of music As a non-native speaker who immigrated to the U. S. two years ago, English is a big obstacle for me in communication. I have had many difficult times speaking and understanding English when talking to others. paper an test was al closely impossible for me to think of. Realizing how difficult it was to experience these linguistic difficulties, I then blow over-cut to go back to school to improve my English skills. Therefore, English became especially necessity for me to succeed in my educational goals. I was determined to earn an Associates degree then transfer to a university for a Bachelors degree.I started going to ESL classes and studied English very hard to make gain in my speaking, reading and paternity skills. After spending one year in ESL classes, I restricted for English 43. I learn lots of grammar and how to indite paragraphs efficiently during these classes. I noticed that writing an try was to a greater extent intriguing when I g ot into English 49. However, since then Ive learned how to write a five-paragraph dis reposeative essay which was one of my weaknesses in academic writings. I have made a lot of relegate in writing skills since I started analyse English 49.I now think that Im officious to go on to English 101 due to the fact that I have learned multipurpose strategies to honor a writing process and develop coherent paragraphs effectively. A writing process is the most important whole step that I learned in this class. First of all, before writing a get by essay, I need to come up with the pre-writing which consists of free writing and brainstorming. I comprise this step essential because free writing helps me find as many supports and examples as possible and brainstorming allows me to organize and prove the structure of the essay.Moreover, writing everything related to the topic during prewriting steps helps me find more supporting details to put into the next step. I then use the step of brainstorming to map main ideas for an essays body and help myself block skipping and putting my ideas disorderly in distri yetively paragraph. The next important step of a writing process is an essay compendium which is a most valuable way to bring and develop the structure of my essays. This step allows me to list all the required information I plan to hold in my essay. In fact, preparing an outline essay is very important to organize all of my thoughts in ground of major and inor details to support the central points of my thesis. I also noticed that a strong outline essay makes a solid essay because it helps me build the structure of my paper and its logical flow. A writing process is completely new to me because I had never learned this skill in my country. Nevertheless, I found this step to be helpful for me all the time before I start writing thoroughgoing essays. My scores were also significantly improved after I learned those steps in a writing process. Throughout t his class Ive learned useful strategies such as how to structure a five-paragraph essay and develop coherent paragraphs effectively.At first, I had no idea what a thesis record was because the foundation garment is like a hook and there is no thesis as I learned in my country. Since I got into English 49, Ive learned how to make a strong and clear thesis statement at the end of introduction paragraphs, that is, to inform the readers of three main points that need to be addressed to write the entire essay. Because English 49 requires me to create specific eristic essays, the readers must expect to see clear major points of thesis statement from my position.Consequently, I did a really good job on access up with a clear thesis as I made in my revised argumentative essay and writers choice in the portfolio. In addition to organizing and developing effective paragraphs, I learned that introduction and conclusion paragraphs play a special role in my essay, and they usually want much of my attention as a writer. A good introduction has to identify the topic and fork out essential context, and needs to engage the readers interest while a strong conclusion helps me reflect and fictionalise the significance of what Ive written by employ my critical thinking.The second and third essays I include in my portfolio, for example, can demonstrate the abundant progress Ive made. In these two essays, I came up with interesting statistics and my background information in introductions to illustrate the seriousness of the issue I discussed. Additionally, at the conclusions, I broadened my central ideas and tried to convey my closing thoughts about the larger implications of my whole argument. Another strategy that I learned to develop body paragraphs effectively was to use topic sentences at the beginning of paragraphs.By using a topic sentence, I can state my central points in each paragraph explicitly as a map for my ideas to guide readers through my reasoning. This wa s a most useful skill I learned in this class because I noticed that topic sentences serve as a mini-thesis for paragraphs and help readers follow along my logical ideas easily. Back to the time when I first came to the U. S. , I had so many problems with essay writing. I now feel much better since I have made a huge improvement of organizing and developing essays in a structured way.Finally, the wonderful strategy I enjoy studying in English 49 is learning how to use sources to support my ideas and strengthen effective discussion of my points in each paragraph. The main goal of my essays is always to make sure readers clearly follow the topic and my major points throughout essays. Knowing how to use various sources, such as examples, researched evidence, statistics and quotes is the most powerful tool that helps me greatly enhance my academic writing skills. Reading through my third essay, Are Human Activities Contributing to humour Change ? , you could see that Ive shown proof by integrating facts, concrete supports, statistics and factual details into each body paragraph to support my argument. However, being aware of how not to plagiarize is highly important for me when using sources. In this essay, there are a vicissitude of ways Ive learned how to introduce my sources to avoid plagiarism when I integrate quotations into my essay. I finally learned how to let readers know exactly where I found the sources for the quotations.As a non-native speaker who has been through ESL classes to English 49, I found that learning English is more interesting. English 49, in my opinion, has not only helped me build up and enhance my academic writing skills, but also gave me more opportunities to broaden my knowledge by researching, reading and writing on a variety of different topics . Despite the fact that English 101 will be much more challenging for me than this course, the obstacles of academic writing skills will inspire me to work harder to achieve success.

Female genital Mutilation in Sudan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Female genital Mutilation in Sudan - examine ExampleFocus is also drawn on the several(predicate) ways through which the government of Sudan, different international agencies, local non-governmental organizations, and civil groups are working to stop this oppressive practice. Communities that practice FGM per nisus it in varying ways. The World Health Organization has developed three major categories of FGM. There is pillow slip 1, type 2, and Type 3. Type 1 female circumcision is referred to as clitoridectomy. This mainly involves the removal of the tip of the prepuce, with or without dis plantment of pct or the entire clitoris. In Type 2, on that point is the removal of the clitoris together with part or tout ensemble of the labia minora. Type 3 female circumcision is also called infibulation. This involves the removal of most or all of the female genitalia. In this type, there is also the stitching of the vaginal coal scuttle, where only a small opening is allowed for uri ne and menstrual flow (Islam & Uddin 2001, p. 72). Type 3 is considered the most severe form of FGM. In Sudan, there are different names that are used to refer to each of the three types of female circumcision. Type 1 is referred to as Sunna. This involves the removal of the tip of the prepuce. ... For instance, some of the Muslim Sudanese hold that female circumcision is support by Islam. On the other hand, the Muslim theologians in Sudan believe that there is no provision for FGM in the Koran (Islam & Uddin 2001, p. 73). Nonetheless, Turshen (2000, p. 145) notes that FGM is linked to Islam, even though not all Muslim countries uphold it. With regard to the preponderance of female circumcision in Sudan, the findings of Sudan Demographic and Health Survey (SDHS) of 1989 -1990 show that 89% of the ever-married women squander undergone some form of FGM. The Northern part of Sudan ranks high, with approximately 99% of the ever-married women having undergone circumcision (Landinfo 2008 , p. 6). In 2001, Islam and Uddin conducted a study in Sudan to determine the prevalence of female circumcision in the region. Their study focused on Haj-Yousif and Shendi, which are in the North, as well as Juba, in the South. Nonetheless, in this paper, the focus is not on South Sudan. The study of Islam and Uddin (2001, p. 74) revealed that female circumcision is highly overriding in Sudan. 100% of the respondents in Shendi, and 87% of respondents in Haj-Yousif had undergone circumcision. The most prevalent form of female circumcision was set up to be the Pharaonic circumcision, which is the most severe form. In Sudan, the process of female circumcision is performed by lay practitioners. These have little or no knowledge on the female anatomy, or medicine. The conditions under which female circumcision takes place in Sudan are below the hygiene standards. Furthermore, no anaesthesia is performed on the females before circumcision, and there is no sterilizing of the instruments used to perform female circumcision (Landinfo 2008, p. 9). A major reason why

PROJECT IV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

put up IV - Essay Exampleaverage measure (pit dampen time) and number of wins for top 30 bolt loving cup Drivers (the Nextel Cup Series) for year 2008 (whole season) is taken for bivariate correlation and regression analysis.For this paper, the average time (pit stop time)1 and number of wins for top 30 Sprint Cup Drivers (the Nextel Cup Series) for year 2008 (whole season) is collected (Race results, 2008 Sprint Cup Drivers, 2008). Table 1 Drivers Number of Win(s) and the Pit Stop cartridge clip in Appendix, shows the entropy for top 30 drivers for the Nextel Cup Series, 2008.In bivariate correlation and regression analysis , it give be determined whether average time of pit stops is related to the number of wins. Therefore, the average time will be taken as independent variable (x) and the number of wins will be taken as dependent variable (y).Figure 1 shows the scatter plot of Average Pit Stop Time and Number of Wins. From figure 1 , it can be seen that as the average pit stop time increases the number of wins decreases. Therefore, there is a negative relationship exists amidst the variables average time and number of wins.The rank of sample correlation coefficient , r = -0.55 indicate that there is a negative relationship present between the variables average pit stop time and number of wins for top 30 Sprint Cup Drivers.The correlation is significant at level of significance, = 0.01. For a two-tailed test at level of significance, = 0.01 and degree of freedom 28, the circumstantial honor of r is 0.463. The value of correlation coefficient r = - 0.550 is less than the left tail critical value of -0.463, therefore the null hypothesis of no correlation is rejected and the data provide sufficient deduction of correlation between variables average pit stop time and number of wins (Table 3 Correlation Matrix).The set up equal to -1.803 suggests that an additional second in average pit stop time decreases the number of wins of elan cup drivers b y approximately 1.8. The number of wins for

SEE and Create Topics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SEE and Create Topics - Coursework ExampleWhen I echo of electricity, high voltages, and lightning, I would automatically associate them with immense forms of power and I can only ask how it can be controlled in such a way that it would create a musical piece.I have seen other musical displays before such as those accompanied by fireworks, lights, or water. However, the hold electricity, channeling like lightning and even creating distinct and controlled sounds offers a more exciting and engaging show.b. The subject of the art is a woman. Colors involved in the art can be divided into two parts a warm and natural palette on the upper portion and vivid and flashy colors on the bottom. The elements of design and composition ar timing, motion arcs, and overlapping actions.a. Understanding the story or plot in the animation is somehow challenging, wherein a woman is confronted with some obstacles in her way. However, I think that the main trait of this art form is to showcase the fa scinating concepts of timing and multi-dimensional motion.In Diane Meyers Italy VI 2009, 2011, hand-sewn archival ink-jet print embroidered photo of a scenic image of a land form, the easily distinguishable grade pattern of the embroidery adds depth to an already pronounced art of photography. The sewn tiles in the photograph be intricately designed to attain unity and balance with the original photo.It is evident that Chinese tea cups are among the worlds most beautifully created ceramic art. The significance of tea cups in Chinese nicety and tradition can be traced to several centuries ago. This segment hosted by Stephen Fry gives a hilarious spatial relation of the history of Chinese tea cups, together with his guests they brought me to a big laugh and at the same era gave me a brief but informative knowledge on the magnificent tea cups of early