American Psychiatric Association Essay Example for Free

American Psychiatric Association EssayThe dynamics of the child who refines in all likelihood differ depending on the type of killing. On one hand we might expect the typical youngster involved in a gang killing to suffer asocial traits and a invoice of gang involvement or wanna-be gang doings. On the other hand the child who kills a mother or father is to a greater extent likely to have had a history of hard physical or sexual abuse.A girl who kills her infant, if non in a postpartum deject or psychotic state, is likely to have hidden the pregnancy from others and to have very poor coping skills often she has completely denied the pregnancy to herself and others. Now we argon learning about the dynamics of children who kill at school many are said to be socially isolated, alienated, and the objects of bullying by others. Research samples of children who kill are often small and are samples of convenience for example, a sample might be all the convicted children being h eld in a particular facility.Nevertheless, at that place may be some info to be gleaned from these studies even though the findings may not be entirely generalizable. Ewing (1990) notes that most children who kill are evaluated by mental health experts, because homicide by a young person is almost automatically thought of as the result of mental disturbance. Most are not found to be psychotic, and many seem to receive diagnoses of relation backly mild upsets. Also most are not intellectually limited, but a disproportional number have learning disorders.Cornell, Benedek, and Benedek (1987) studied seventy-two children charged with homicide and classified them into three groups adolescents who manifested overt psychotic symptoms at the time of the offense, adolescents who killed in the course of other criminal activity such as robbery or rape, and adolescents involved in an interpersonal conflict or dispute with the victim. Corder, Ball, and Haizlip (1976) compared adolescents w ho had committed parricide to those who had killed another relative or a close acquaintance and to those who had killed a stranger.They found that all could be characterized as having backgrounds of serious family maladjustment (defined as marital conflict, child abuse, and parent nub abuse or other criminal activity), but those who killed parents were less likely to have a history of poor impulse control and aggressive behavior and more(prenominal) likely to be overly attached to their mother. The small sample size (ten children in each group), however, limits the generalizability of this study. A portion of children who kill appear to have abnormal brain functioning.In more clinical terms, they have neurological impairment (Lewis, Shanok, Grant, Ritvo, 1983). This comes from a variety of causes, including video to drugs in utero, head injuries from childhood accidents, elevated fevers, other medical conditions, and child abuse. Lewis et al. (1988) conducted extensive neurolog ical evaluations on fourteen death row juveniles convicted of murder and found that every one had a history of symptoms consistent with brain damage. Lewis, Shanok, Grant, and Ritvo (1983) as well studied ninety-seven incarcerated juvenile delinquents.They compared more violent offenders to less violent, using a global rating scale, and found that the more violent delinquents were more paranoid, more loose and illogical in their speech, and more likely to have neurological dysfunction. They were also more likely to have witnessed extreme point violence. One of the most common findings in the histories of children who kill parents is child abuse. In some studies this is defined as witnessing domestic violence (Ewing, 1990), but more usually the child has been a victim of abuse, often brutal in nature (Ewing, 1990 Mones, 2001).McCloskey and Walker (2000), in a large sample of children from violent households, found a high incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Thirty-eig ht percent of the abused children met criteria for PTSD, and all of those who were abusedand also saw their mothers abused met criteria for PTSD. This disorder presents with a range of serious symptoms, including flashbacks and hypervigilance to danger. Sometimes children kill to protect their battered mother often this is after years of severe violence and the mothers increasing debilitation.More typically, the child kills to escape what is a physically and psychologically intolerable situation. Meaning the abused child finds him/herself locked in a highly conflictual, dependent relationship that he or she could no all-night sustain or give up, making homicide a solution to intense conflict. Children and adolescents who kill are often misdiagnosed as having antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). more have a history prior to the homicide of antisocial conduct, substance abuse, truancy, running away, and problems getting along with others.Truancy and running away from home were es pecially likely to be found in children who eventually killed one of their parents (Ewing, 1990). Some evaluators use the act of homicide itself to support a diagnosis of ASPD, but this results from faulty logic and a lack of knowledge of the diagnostic criteria for the disorder. It is important to note, also, that in addition to meeting these criteria the patient must have a childhood history of conduct disorder for a diagnosis of ASPD and that the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 2004) is quite specific that ASPD not be diagnosed in adolescence.In general, the strongest predictors of school violence are neighborhood conditions such as poverty, population turnover, and crime rates, and the greatest risk factor for killing a parent is a history of severe, inescapable child abuse (Mones, 2001). With these caveats, accumulated data from clinical and research studies suggest the following as warning signs of homicidal violence Exposure to violence, either in the home or in th e community. Although exposure to television violence is not commonly cited, it is a factor in a number of homicides, and preoccupation with violent imagery is a particular warning sign.A lack of success with the normal tasks of adolescence for example, failing in school, having no extracurricular involvement. Social rejection and poor social supports. Alienation and lack of empathy develop in large part from social deprivation. Many school shooters have been described as loners. These youngsters have intense feelings of being alone, and the absence of social support also reduces their general ability to cope with the ups and downs of adolescent life. Intense anger that has accumulated from past painful events, usually surrounding relationships (rejection, failure, or other narcissistic wounds). An softness to express or resolve intense feelings in adaptive ways, and a proclivity for externalizing defenses, or acting out.ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2004). Diagnos tic and statistical manual of mental disorders (7th ed. ). Washington, DC Author. Corder, B. F. , Ball, B. C. , Haizlip, T. M. (1976). Adolescent parricide A comparison with other adolescent murder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 957961. Cornell, D. G. (1989). Causes of juvenile homicide A review of the literature. In E. P. Benedek (Ed. ), Juvenile homicide (pp. 336). Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press.

Chief information officer Essay Example for Free

master(prenominal) information officer EssayKnowledge focus at Accenture Richard Ivey School of Business 200907702. Accenture A surface known global firm that became a public fraternity with a successful initial public offering on the New York Stock win over in July 2001. Great revenue increment in 2001, 2004(two digit increment) Embarked upon a virgin strategy High Performance Delivered Substantially increase companys focus on outsourcing Oriented to improving shareholder value for its clients Emphasizing the creation and application of intellectual and technological assets to apply in work with clients organisational structure also evolved 5 operating groups18 industry groups which made up the five operating groups, eight capability groups 3. Knowledge counseling In 90s Adopted a association-oriented strategy build a knowledge counselling organization under the chief information officer By the mid-1990s, the firm built thousands of knowledge repositories on the Lotus Notes platform Knowledge Exchange From 2000 to 2002 Responsibility for KM was shifted from CIO to the training and learning organization at Accenture Learning knowledge management were combined into a single new group called capability development in 2001 In 2002, the toughening fiscal conditions, training budgets had been cut substantially for Accenture employees4. Knowledge Management Substantial budget pressures on both the training and knowledge management groups Several of the most senior knowledge managers left Accenture 30% of all the knowledge managers left or were laid off Cost reduction by moving knowledge management functions offshore Capability Development organization had genuine a KM staffing model in which decentralise groups would employ a few onshore knowledge managers with gamey domain expertise and a high need for contact with their internal client the rest would move offshore Although the learning and KM activities remained largely separate and decentralize d within Accentures task units, there were some joint initiatives.Developed a personalized learning management trunk called myLearning As the topic of KM proliferate, information observeing problems happened Accenture employees apply to developing new content often remarked that they found it more and more difficult to get the attention of partners and employees .KNOLEDGE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGYThe problems for managing existing KM system The KM system was being replaced or augmented with Web-based portals Most major Accenture groups had their own portals Despite one central Accenture Portal that contained links to many decentralized portals, it could be confusing to scram the information one needed Duplication of documents throughout the organization was very high The local optimization done by each local company, didnt seem to work well It was very important that there be a clear governance structure for the new Knowledge Exchange to improve the consistency of the experience T arget for the new KM system Barfield who was in charge of KM strategy, decided to develop a governance structure that incorporated senior representatives from each part of the organization6. The new knowledge exchange Accenture changed the foundation of the Knowledge Exchange, from Lotus Notes to Microsofts Sharepoint institution of the new Knowledge Exchange were to leverage existing and packaged software to extend SharePoint only to support critical requirements The solution was designed to be simple, represent efficient and effective without an attempt to recreate all existing Lotus Notes functionality to contain all high-value content Opposed to trying to get everything working from the outgrowth from an end- enforcer perspective user Internal Content Accenture PortalKnowledge Resources Search (find.accenture.com) Job Aid / report page/ Community of Practice Collaboration move on question to experts/CoPs Direct link via browser favorite Contributions/Accenture developed co ntent Accenture purchased content(Research) Browse to other topic pages/COP myLearning courses method reception from Accenture experts Accenture Discussions7. The new knowledge exchange(contd) The strategy identified key insights that drove the overall design Search quality is the most important aspect of the infrastructure Topic pages are very important for providing context to users who do not immediately find what they need or who are seeking a broader range of content about a subject While quislingism capabilities are not as widely used, this is a required capability for those who cant find what they need or are working in an area that requires expertise 8. LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Training is an investment, not a cost Vanthourrnout(later Chief Learning Officer)Training function at Accenture was revitalized Accenture employees were again rating training as one of the areas that most drove their satisfaction on the companys annual employee satisfaction survey 9. STRATE GY SESSION 20 people critical to the delivery of Accentures KM capability came together to figure and discuss the future direction of KM There was a general feeling that the new Knowledge Exchange would provide a strong technical foundation for a renewed contribution from KM to Accentures corporate goals Knowledge Management Mission Drive value from knowledge to enhance revenue, concentrate cost and foster innovation Knowledge Management Vision To create a world class knowledge-sharing culture and environment that contributes to Accentures success10. Issues The substance in which content was added to the system had to be designed Using SharePoint templates An initial typology for documents had been developed Focused on business processes, so that it was easy for people to find relevant documents Users be represented properly in the management and future development of the Knowledge Exchange KM would support, as completely as possible, the perfect business cycle within Accenture from initial sales proposal to final client delivery Document obsolescence How can integrate learning and knowledge management? Too tightly integrating them might focus knowledge management on reuse and training and reduce its impact on innovation and collaboration11. Knowledge Management Vision(contd) Five critical goals for KM Fostering and sustaining a knowledge sharing culture Improving the time to competency for new hires alter and enhancing Accentures sales capability Ensuring and improving the ROI for KM Improving margins and delivered quality on client engagements such as outsourcing and large consulting commitments through speed to capability, use of best practices, etc. 12. Five forces Making the knowledge available to the employees Accenture can make entrance barriers high Can analyze clients based on the customer information in KM system Can acquire the experts techniques to customers Can help delivery(finding the information of suppliers can be a help) There are down of information of substitution of products/services

Holistic Development of a Child

Holistic Development of a boorUnderstanding how peasantren develop is an important obligation for all those who work in early days pr transactionise. Practiti nonpargonilrs call for to develop an judgment of the implications of boorrens developmental processes in parliamentary law to meet individual needs. The key to this construeing is the development of skills in notice children and of interpreting those observations. with issue the observations the aim is to comp atomic number 18 their abilities to the norms of a child their age and to compargon and analyse the results a inferst what child development theorists shoot understood through relevant reading and understanding gained from experiences, in addition to explain how the characteristics of the child and features of his/her surround may interact to influence growth and development.A holistic approach to child development callks to simultaneously scream the physical, emotional, relational, intellectual, and spiritu al aspects of a childs life. The importance of the Holistic Approach is that it Children defraud different things at different arcdegrees, e.g. walking, talk of the town, okay locomote skills etc. Holistic development is the boilers suit development of all areas of development in children.There are many proven techniques used in observing children. Depending on the reason for the observation rough methods depart relay the instruction to a greater extent clearly, the observation that make believe been taken take a shit been d unmatched in the free description written record method, checklists, tissue diagram. The free description is observed when a specific task is set, appropriate to the age and stage of development of the child. It is a description of an event unfolding facet on, written in the present tense so that the reader quarter appreciate what has happened. The disadvantages are that may non be able-bodied to convey everything you see as it happens and some c adences it is difficult to keep up with what is happening and it may produce an unwieldy amount of information this rotter be seen in appurtenance 1. Checklist or developmental guides are often used for assessing a child on one particular day, yet can be used everyplace a long period of time. Checklists often highlight areas of a childs development that pack previously gone unnoticed. For example in auxiliary 5, I was able to concentrate closely on what the children were doing and could observe things as they unfolded as I was looking for them. The advantages of the checklist method are that it is a quick way of presenting a striking deal of information. The disadvantages are that care must be taken to maintain aspirationivity.The role of the childcare and educational practitioner in a home location stays the same as it would in a school or nursery and we still have to abide by the confidentiality policies.The 1989 United Nations Convention on the rights of the child sets o ut 54 Articles. The Articles that relate particularly to observing children areArticle 12 Children have the right to say what they think should happen when adults are making conclusivenesss that affect them, and to have their opinion taken into account.Article 13 Children have the right to receive and to share information, as long as the information is not damaging to them or to new(prenominal)s.Article 16 Children have the right to privacy. The law should protect them from attacks against their way of life, their good name, their families and their homesUnder the Data protection act 1988 the observations taken will require to comply with the octette data protection principles to be fairly and lawfully processed, to be processed for limited purposes, to be comme il faut and relevant and not excessive, to be accurate and finally not kept longer than necessary.The placement setting is in a loving family with two parents present. The gravel aged 32 is not working as she is still on maternity leave the father age 33 works full time Monday to Friday. There are four children in the placement family. Child D the oldest female age 5 attains reception in the school down the road, Child C the middle female child age 3, attains pre-school half a day Monday and Tuesday and stays with a child minder all day Wednesdays. At the end of the placement Child C is attaining pre-school all day Monday and Tuesdays, she also has Hypermobility. The correspond Child B and Child A age 6 months on outset day of placement. Child B is male and the younger of the twins. Child A is female and also suffers from Hypermobility.The placement is over a period of 4 months in which I shall cosmos observing Child A and Child B. The set outs pregnancy was heavy with no problems. Her first child, Child D she was in task for 26 hours, the second, Child C it only lasted about 30 minutes, she says I was afraid that I was going to have her down the toilet The labor for the twins was also ver y quick only lasting 1 hour. The mother explains that during the beginning of the pregnancy you couldnt even tell I was pregnant and I matte fine but when it came to 28 weeks I got very big and it became very voiceless and uncomfortable. She went full term of 39 weeks. Child A weighed 6lbs 10oz and came out header first with no complications. Child B weighed 5lbs 15oz and tried to come out aspectways because of the extra round afterward Child A left, the midwife had to labor the screw up back and turn it or so inside the mothers womb. There was 18 minutes between Child A and Child B. When Child B came out he was black and blue but was breathing but the doctors were unsure whether he would survive because his Apgar report was 3. The very first test given to your newborn, the Apgar score occurs right after your babys deliver in the delivery or birthing room. The test was designed to quickly evaluate a newborns physical condition after delivery and to determine any immediate need for extra medical or emergency care. Although the Apgar score was developed in 1952 by an anaesthesiologist named Virginia Apgar, you may have also heard it referred to as an acronym for Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, and Respiration. The Apgar test is usually given to your baby twice once at 1 minute after birth, and again at 5 minutes after birth. Rarely, if there are concerns about the babys condition and the first two scores are low, the test may be scored for a third time at 10 minutes after birth. Five factors are used to evaluate the babys condition and each factor is scored on a scale of 0 to 2, with 2 being the best scoreactivity and muscle tonepulse (heart rate)grimace response (medically known as reflex action irritability)appearance (skin coloration)respiration (breathing rate and effort)Doctors, midwives, or nurses add these five factors together to calculate the Apgar score. Scores obtainable are between 10 and 0, with 10 being the highest possible score. ( www.kidshealth.org/parent/newborn/first_days/apgar.html). Children that have a score under 6 rarely survive.The mother believes in a constant routine and that her children deal the way they are because she does not smother them and entertain them when they cry, she encourages them to admit by themselves as to establish independence from an early age. She says let the babies cry for a arcminute and they will sort themselves out. But obviously if the child has hurt themselves or really needs attention she will give them love and care.There are not many socio-economic factors within the family as the children were all planned, although the mother obviously didnt predict twins, she explain thatthey are lucky to be in a strength to be able to give their children a happy and healthy lifestyle. During the placement the father got a new job in which he is going to be earning more. The mother explained that they were considering her going back to work but she they want to give stay out o f work until the twins are in school. Also during the placement the parents made a very important decision that effects there life forever, they had decided that the father was going to get a vasectomy. They made that decision that they have had the number of children that they want for their family. The mother also gets allot of help from the family as both parent have parent walking distance from the endure and the house is always full of family members.Physical development The different areas of development that the observations will be focused on are- physical development, this is divided into perfect(a) force back development, and how children grow and acquire physical skills, from gaining head control to full agility. Fine motor development linked with vision and hand-eye coordination.(Frankel, Hobart, 2004)A childs physical development depends save as much on nurture as it does on nature. On the one hand a child is born with a genetic office that will guide such matters as height and general muscle development but on the other the childs environment will influence overall health and activity aims which contribute to physical development. (http//www.kidsdevelopment.co.uk/EncourageChildsPhysicalDevelopment.html)The developmental norm for a baby aged between Birth to 9 months areBirth gross motor reflexes rooting, sucking and swallowing reflex. Grasp reflex. Walking reflex. Moro reflexBirth fine motor reflexes pupils reacting to light, open eyes when held upright, blinks or opens eyes wide to fulminant sound, startle reaction to sudden sound, closing eyes to sudden bright light.1 month gross motor reflexes In prone, lifts chine. In supine, head fails from side to side. Arm and leg extended on face side. Begins to flex upper and lower limbs.1 month fine motor reflexes Hands fisted. Eyes move to dangling objects.3 months gross motor reflexes Held sitting, head straight, back and neck firm. Lower back still weak. When lying, pelvis is flat.3 mo nth fine motor reflexes Grasps an object when placed in hand. Turns head right round to look at objects. Eye contact firmly established.6 month gross motor reflexes In supine, can lift head and shoulders. In prone, can rise up on hands. Sits with support. Kicks strongly. May roll over. When held, enjoys standing and jumping.6 month fine motor reflexes Has learned to grasp objects and passes toys from hand to hand. Visual sense well established. (Frankel, Hobart, 2004 p.178-179).From supplement 5 we can see that Child A has developed poky in the physical development area. She is able to do all the norms for a baby aged6 months but after 6 months her brother starts to develop quicker and we can see that may be crawling before she does. When observing Child A it seems that she doesnt seem to understand where her feet are, is could be because of the Hypermobility is when Connective tissue proteins such as collagen give the body its intrinsic toughness. When they are differently for med, the results are mainly felt in the despicable parts the joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments which are laxer and more fragile than is the incase for most people. The result is joint laxity with hypermobility and with it comes vulnerability to the effects of injury. These may cause troublesome and persistent problems, but do not affect the merry organs and thus do not pose a serious threat to life. (http//www.hypermobility.org/whatishms.php). Child B is growth physically at a median(prenominal) rate. Looking at appendix 5 we can see that he is eager to crawl and is progressing well. If I was to return to the placement family in a couple up of months I predict that Child B will be crawling and able to sit unaided.One of the many main theorist that surround child development is Jean Piaget he believed that, knowledge comes from personal experiences, he recognised four individual stages. The first two years of a childs life the sensorimotor stage when babies and toddlers kno wledge and understanding are chiefly drawn from physical action and their senses sight sound taste touch and smell. He suggested that throughout this stage children remain egocentric but become aware of object permanence. (Pound, 2005, p.37) Piagets first stage of development (Sensorimotor stage) is only relevant to these observations as it is aimed at children aged from birth to 2 years old. This is the stage where a child does not know that physical objects remain in existence even when out of sight. (http//www.funderstanding.com/content/piaget) aboriginal on, children are only able to perceive things that are right in front of them, but as they mature, they understand that if a ball rolls under a chair and they can no longer see it, it still exists, under the chair. This is an particularly important understanding for children, helping them to have an increased sense of pencil eraser and security since they can now grasp the fact that when mum leaves the room, she hasnt disappe ared, but will soon return. (http//www.kidsdevelopment.co.uk/EncourageChildsPhysicalDevelopment.html)Both children seem to understand that when the toy is put privy mums back its not there, but they still try and reach for it as they know that mum is hiding it. But when the toys are packed away they understand that its gone.At the beginning of the placement Child B would cry when mum left the round and he continuously looked around for her, towards the end of the placement he endped doing this. The same thing happened when they were in the buggy, Child A and Child B should start to cry as they were unable to see mum but they both could hear here. Later this stopped.Their ability to grasp objects is still developing and they are doing a lot of physical movement. They find comfort in compete with objects around them. Child A and Child B are developing an awareness of space from rolling from side to side and distance as they both reach for things. There is one toy that will engage b oth childrens interest and they seem to be comforted by this particular toy. The childrens mobility is developing as they are aware that reaching and moving will get them what they want and the satisfaction when this is achieved shows on their faces. Child B is able to handle and grasp object plot of ground Child A is struggling. The children become rigid, throw their limbs in the air when something has upset them, when they want to be picked up they reach out for the person.Child A and Child B have been making eye contact with their peers giving them confidence, physical, psychological and emotional comfort. The children observed enjoy the company of others and like to copy seventh cranial nerve expressions and sounds that those around them make.Cognitive and Language development Language development, which is from the first cry, through the growth of verbal communication skills, to true speech and understanding. Also Intellectual/cognitive development, the development of childre ns ability to think and learn through interacting with their senses and experiences (Frankel, Hobart, 2004)The developmental norm for a baby aged between Birth to 9 months areAt birth Cries vigorously with some variation in pitch and duration.1 month Cries become more differentiated to indicate needs. Stops and attends to voice, rattle and bell.3 months Regards hands with intense interest. Beginning to vocalize.6 months Finds feet interesting. Vocalises tunefully. Laughs in play. Screams with annoyance. Understands purpose of rattle. (Frankel, Hobart, 2004 p.178-179).From vermiform appendix 2 we can see that Child A is developing more in the communication area as she is chatting all the time and has already said da da several times. This is encouraged by the family. Child B is not developing as fast in the language norm as his sister as he is only communicating his feelings through crying and giggling, while Child A is able to chat and sing and is now developing coping noises.C hild B likes attention, looking at Appendix 2 we can see that he uses his crying language to gain attention and to be picked up. Burrhus Skinner worked on the Behaviourist theory, which humans act to avoid punishment and gain reward. Skinner emphasised reward. He believed that punishment was counter-productive. Skinner also applied de cerebrateorism to language. He believed that all language was learned by reward. How Children Learn, Linda Pound 2005. So Child B understands that his crying will eventually lead to reward of being picked up which is what he wants. The mother in the placement is trying to stop this as she believes that children should be left to entertain themselves.Chomsky was so opposed to Skinners views that he developed a theory, based on the idea of language development as an innate process. He hypothesised that we are born with a language acquisition device which gives us an inbuilt understanding of language structure. Noam Chomsky proposed that all humans have a LAD, (language acquisition device). The LAD contains knowledge of grammatical rules common to all languages. The LADalso allows children to understand the rules of whatever language they are listening to. Chomsky also developed the concepts of transformational grammar, surface structure, and deep structure.-www.languagedevelopment.tripod.comNoam Chomskys theory that humans are born with a special biological brain mechanism, called a Language Acquisition cunning (LAD). His theory supposes that the ability to learn language is inborn, that nature is more important than nurture and that experience using language is only necessary in order to activate the LAD. (Fifty Major Thinkers on Education from Confucius to Dewey, Joy. A. Palmer).So therefore Child A and B are already aware to what is being said around them and have some understanding of language, they would definitely sense tone of voice and both children can recognise their mothers voice as a comfort noise.Appendix 3 also sho ws cognitive development in that both children are use to their bath time routine and like the experience.The children make sounds in affectionate interaction. Their interaction with Child C (older sibling) creating interest and they enjoy interacting with her. Sound levels are intriguing when there is a sudden noise.Lev Vygotsky is also another important child development theorist he emphasised the importance of families, communities and other childrens influences on children. Vygotsky believed that language and thinking were key talking about everyday experiences would help children learn more about communication. The zone of proximal development is what a child can do alone and what they can do with someone more handy or experienced. The friendly context for learning is when child learn through interaction with others. How Children Learn, Linda Pound 2005.Social and Emotional development Emotional development, from initial entirety dependence to full independence and autonom y. Social development, from close bonding to full and rich relationships with a complex network of children and adults. (Frankel, Hobart, 2004)The developmental norm for a baby aged between Birth to 9 months areAt Birth Bonding/attachment.1 month Watches mothers face with increasing alert facial expression. brief smile may be wind.3 months Reacts with pleasure to familiar situations/routines.6 months Takes everything to mouth. Responds to different emotional tones to chief caregiver. (Frankel, Hobart, 2004 p.178-179).Erik Erikson, whose influences mainly came from Anna Freud, Sigmund Freuds daughter, was largely concerned with how personality and behaviour is influenced after birth, not before birth, and especially during childhood. In the nature v nurture (genes v experience) debate, Erikson was firmly focused on nurture and experience. His theory of eight stages of psychosocial development basically asserts that people experience eight psychosocial crisis stages which signif i coin bankly affect each persons development and personality. -www.businessballs.com. Erikson created a wider and more educationally relevant theory of psychodynamics by integrating social and cultural factors into his writing. His work also stimulated interest in self-identity and adolescence. (Pound 2005) Erikson explained that things that happen when we are children affect us when we grow up. For example, we know that orphans who werent held or stroked as infants have an extremely hard time connecting with others when they become adults and have even died from lack of human contact.During the first year of life, a baby forms their first feelings about the world and whether or not it is a safe place based on the level of consistent care provided by the primary caregivers. When religion develops successfully, the child gains a sense of security but if this sense is not developed, a fear and inner mistrust of the world is formed. Anxiety and insecurity are indicative of an unsucce ssful beginning. (http//www.kidsdevelopment.co.uk/EriksonsPsychosocialDevelopmentTheory.html)Babies like putting everything into their mouths, and their senses of taste, are the primary sensory organs until about the age of 8 months. And even afterwards its still a first stop in terms of exploring things (touch is a very important first sense, too).Mouths are useful for exploring the texture of things, too. As we can see from Appendix 2 and Appendix 6. Child A and Child B both like to explore objects by putting them into their mouths.While Bronfenbrenners theory, in line with the social constructionist theories of Vygotsky, Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005) developed the ecological systems theory to explain how everything in a child and the childs environment affects how a child grows and develops. He labelled different aspects or levels of the environment that influence childrens development, including the Microsystems, the mesosystem, the exosystem, and the macrosystem. (http//www.m entalhelp.net/)Child A and Child B are beginning to understand their environment as the family have a routine, which we can see from Appendix 4, that the children are aware of the routine and that putting them down on the carpet mean time to move about.Jay Belsky believed in high-quality child care, he produced an evaluation of the received Start programme and a report published in 2005 inform that in Sure Start areas the most underprivileged groups had managed rather worse that alike groups in non-Sure Start areas. The next report issued in 2008 showed much greater improvements. Belsky reported that the risks are that more hours in any kind of childcare crossways the first four-and-a-half years of life and, independently, the more time in childcare centres, the higher the levels of problem behaviour(and) that children who spend more time in non-maternal care through their infancy, toddler and pre-school years experience somewhat less harmonious mother-child relationships throug h their first three years. They start school being somewhat more scrappy and disobedient than children with less non-maternal experience. How Children Learn 3, Linda Pound 2005. Appendix 4 shows that Child C attained a child minder on Wednesdays. The placement mother has spoken about her believes in making her children more independent which is why her first two children have gone to a child minder one day a week and she is going to take the twins to a child minder to. As she thinks it is good for the children to be able to interact with other people not just mummy, it helps them build confidence.There is a definite attachment with the mother and the children but there is also an attachment with the older siblings and the grandmother, who visits a lot.John Bowlby developed the Attachment Theory, when children show preferences for closeness to a small number of adults and these attachments are a normal and universal part of human development. We need that attachment from birth as b abies seek out such attachment with the aim of being fed and protected as it brings the feeling of being safe. The attachments we have at childhood may determine our relationships as adults. How children Learn, Linda Pound 2005.From comparing the observations to the EYFS (Early Years Foundation Stage) Child A and Child B are developing an understanding of themselves and what they are capable of doing. This is recognisable during observing them in all types of situation such as carpet time, bath time and feeding.Recommendation are to let the children continue to stretch and grab things on the carpet, maybe using different material such as shining objects, crinkly objects, light, soft and heavy objects, to encourage the children to be confident and explore new objects.Babies need to develop some sense of self-identity in order to develop self-confidence and self-esteem. A starting point in this journey is to find ways of helping babies recognise themselves. (Practical EYFS Handbook, Penny Tassoni). Child B is finding it harder to gain confidence in compete solely so the mothers approach to encouraging him to do so is an ongoing process, babies cry fact but Child B needs to learn that he cant be cuddled all the time. Letting children touch things to work out for themselves what it is and letting them choose what they want and not giving in to their cry if they cant reach as they might if you give them time.Playing games with the Child A such as touching the parts of the body as you say them will help them to develop a greater understanding of where their body parts are and helps to create a happy game to play. Also playing feet moving games and moving her legs around helps stimulate her limbs. Being physical and close to your children and making eye contact with them and having conversations with them about anything provide ideal opportunities to develop language skills, especially with Child B. Using key words helps babies to develop language and singing song s and rhyming. Child B is also call another nick name which is delight but may confuse him in developing recognition of his name.Through this observations they have lead me to believe that the children are at a normal level of development, Child A is less able to grasp an hold object and her physical development is less than Child B, as Child A has Hyper mobility which means that she will develop physical ability such as standing, crawling and sitting up straight slower than her brother (Child B). But she is communicating and talking more than her brother which could indicate that she is developing quicker in the language and communication area. There is nothing to worry about with the childrens development rate although one is developing quicker at something then the other could be because of the fact that one has hypermobility so she will definitely take longer to develop physically but also because one is female and the other male may also be a factor.The role of the practitione r is crucial in observing and reflecting on childrens spontaneous play, building on this by planning and resourcing a challenging environment which supports children and extends specific areas of learning and extends and develops childrens language and communication in their play in a safe environment.The observations taken have helped explain why the children carry out certain behaviour and have leaded me to understand more about child development theory. The most success full observation was the checklist type as it gave me direct answer, the free disruption was effective but I felt that I was missing things as they happened as I was still writing when they happened.Throughout the placement I have enjoyed the experience and I have gained experience with babies and have found that they are not as fragile as I first thought and that I do understand what their noises mean and I can distinguish between a hungry cry and Im sad I need attention, cry. I have also learned that it is healt hy for babies not to be seen to straight away when they first start to cry, that they can indeed sort themselves out and ignoring and leaving the children to cry helps them to become more independent.

The Introduction To Ecommerce Information Technology Essay

The Introduction To E barter Information Technology EssayIn the 19th century mercantile system was affected by the development of rail system which reduced the cost of shipping and let seller sell his produces around the country rather than in one region and helped the country to develop a national system of trade. It in any case led the creation of national daily newspaper, weekend holidays and improved the nations health by making perishable goods such as fresh fish and fruits more widely accessible.The process repeated this meter electronic commerce affected the commerce by cutting the cost of transportation of discipline, and by letting the seller to introduce his products worldwide rather than nationwide by the later crash of Twentieth century1.In the early 60s and 70s when mankind was trying to find and develop fast message to travel and communication, the vocation developers introduced Electronic commerce (E-com) for the business efficacy. However, the use was limit ed to still business to business (B2B) transitions which were Electronic data interchange( EDI) and Electronic funds beam (EFT). By late 1991 when profits became widely available for commercial purposes, consumers also realized the usefulness of E-commerce and so started taking advantages of E-commerce. As a result, today thousands of businesses have been taken to websites.E-commerce is called as New Economy for moderne world which is created by using digital technology changing our societies drastically in terms of business transactions, services, transfer of information and online shopping. As Kevin Kelly describes2Its global it favors nonphysical things- ideas, information, and relationships. And it is intensely interlinked. These attributes produce a new type of marketplaces and society, one that is rooted in ubiquitous electronic networks3If simply defined, E-commerce is about exchange of digitized information amidst parties4which can be ordering of goods and services as well the control of their f crushed, making contracts and sharing information instantaneously from one part of the world to other and this can be held between consumer to consumer, business to consumer and business to business.These days people relate internet with e-commerce which is a wrong perception It is the most popularly use means these days but according to the World Trade Organization,5E-commerce can be used by using telephone, the fax, the television, electronic payment and money transfer system, Data interchange and the internet.6Considering the above statement, any transaction, any order of goods and requesting of services by using any of the above six instruments falls under the means of E-commerce.There is no precise definition of e-commerce as it changes according to its evolving role. At the beginning of the new millennium in 2002, another definition came which defined it as any business transaction concerning goods and services, where participants are not in same p hysical location and communicate though electronic means7Hence these days, E- doctor Is a business term used for change and buying goods and services over internet and other electronic means between B2B, B2C and C2C.Beneficiaries Of E-commerceThere are 3 classes of society of those who are taking benefits as doing their business electronically (i) Business to Business (B2B), (ii) Business to Consumer (B2C), and (iii) Consumer to consumer (C2C).Business to Business .B2B electronic commerce over internet is increasingly becoming the popular choice of communication for the business as its instantaneous.8B2B e-commerce is whereby both parties conduct transactions in the course of business, also known as paperless trading especially in the US9. For instance suppose a motor manufacturer needs to grease ones palms parts from supplier, this can be through either via e-mail or by EDI (Electronic Data Interchange system).Business to ConsumerThis is the type of dealing in which one party is doing their business by selling goods over website or by advertisement where they are directly dealing with consumers, such as sales person dealing with customer in amply street, example of this kind of dealings are shopping on website such as www.amazon.co.uk or www.sony.co.uk.Consumer to ConsumerIn this kind of dealing both parties are rude(a) persons and do not operate any business. The good example of C2C is consumer selling goods to another consumer through a website or some consumer advertising over a website for example www.ebay.co.uk.Scope of LawThere is no single or specific law for e-commerce as Kevin Kelly describes10as its of global nature, electronic commerce has aptness to break the national barriers more easily rather than traditional cross-border trade.11Hence the user can either use a website for making a purchase or e-mail an offer from any jurisdiction and acceptance can take place from other jurisdiction due to this global nature that website big businessman be subject to law of that country.12The issue of Electronic contracts was 1st considered at the international level in 1996 by get together Nation Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) by introducing the Model law on Electronic Commerce and the Model law on Electronic Signature.In United Kingdom Electronic Commerce Act 2000, Electronic Commerce Regulations 2002 was introduced to provide basic legal frame work for electronic commerce and to deal with its problems in a country, and Electronic Signature Regulation 2002.The enactment of Acts was the result of European Union Directive 2000/31/EC, which was introduced to provide fundamental structure for electronic commerce in national markets, to remove cross-border barriers for online services within the member states, and to provide legal certainty to the services.Felling the heat of Electronic Commerce problems, United States of America also enacted the legislations specifically dealing with Electronic commerce. These wer e (i) Uniform Electronic effect Act 1999 (UETA), (ii) Uniform Computer Information Transaction Act Amended 2000,2000(UCITA) and Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act 2000.13Same way different Asian countries also introduced special legislation to cope with E-commerce. Examples are Singapores Electronic Transaction Act 1998, Indias Information Technology Act 2000, Hong Kong Electronic Transactions ordinance 2000, Philippines Electronic Commerce Act 200014and ElectronicTransactions Ordinance 2002.Advantages of Electronic CommerceWith Respect to Virtual ShopAs discussed above, e-commerce affected the commerce by reducing the cost of trade, especially in selling and buying.In 1995 Bill render stated in his book regarding shopping thatThe net will carry us into a new world of low-friction, low -overhead capitalism, in which market information will be plentiful and transaction cost low it will be a shoppers heaven15Bill Gates words have already been proved. Shopping over internet has become the new and the most popular market for the customers.Due to low cost, sellers dont have to buy or rent the costly articles from a shop in high street. Instead they just need to get space over internet at a very low price as compared to high street shops. Furthermore, there isnt any need to hire employees as a seller himself can update or admonisher the website. Lastly, he doesnt have to pay any utilities.All these advantages raise the margin of profit with an added benefit which is that the seller can attract customers by offering his product at a lesser price than high street shop price.Another advantage of a Virtual shop is that it is open for business 24 hours a day 7 days a week. Customers can even shop on the day of Christmas or any other holiday. Also, a virtual(prenominal) shop can cater not only to local customers but to anyone in the world who has an internet connection.Virtual shop is as profitable for the seller as it is for the buyer. When you shop online you save time, petrol and you can shop at any time even after business hours.With respect to E-mailtwentieth March 2002 was the land mark day in the history of E-mail and postal mail in United Kingdom. By then it was proved that mass of people trust and are interested in e-mail rather than traditional postal mail.16The reasons are that it is cheap, fast and accurate. The biggest advantage is that it is private as only that person who knows the password can access it. Another great thing is that the same message can be sent to many recipients at the time within the same duration.

Criminology Essays Terrorism Airports Security

Criminology Essays Terrorism airdromes SecurityTerrorism Airports SecurityDefeating Terrorism AssignmentAbstract littler municipal airports that do communities near major(ip) metropolitan argonas whitethorn not have appropriate hostage system footfalls in place. These municipal airports have not received the same scrutiny or funding as major airports. Regard slight, tenuous airports breast challenges and risks standardized to larger facilities.Additionally, vandalism, petty theft, and commandeering of an actual aircraft are incidents for which administrators at dwarfisher airports need to strategically plan. Every airport ( down(p) or large) does face whatever(prenominal) similar threats, but as all facilities are not the same smaller airports require unique security measures. There are virtually(prenominal) factors to consider when planning that include, but not limited to, geography, demographics, budget, and facility design. All are integral components which moldiness be examined in light of proposed prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery measures.This melodic theme will discuss multiple areas that an airport security administrator in charge of a municipal airport must examine in interpret to contemporary threats. It will also discuss certain and proposed security measures and safeguards for smaller airports as well as the hierarchy for administrative responses.IntroductionThe events of 9/11 placed terrorism at the forefront of the minds of many Americans. One cannot dismiss the possibility of an some other terrorist barrage on United States soil. The use of aircraft for carrying step to the fore acts of big bucks destruction, killing civilians and severely disrupting an economy has proven a fruitful tactic for the enemies of democracy.Although, family 11, 2001 served as a catalyst for the pioneering of new methodologies for anti-terrorism and securing airports, there are even great strides that need to be made. A functional, ye t universal and adaptable concept regarding security procedures for large and small airports must be established, maintained and much reevaluated.Much of the authoritative success for elevated, refined security measures and advancements in engineering for larger airports can be attributed to the United States Federal Government and the development of the surgical incision of Homeland Security. Their mission to prevent, minimize, respond and recover from catastrophic incidents has materialized in the airline industry through the Transportation Safety Administration.However, security at small corporation municipal airports have not received the same amount of upkeep or federal funding. Larger, commercial airports have received the vast majority of aid this is mainly due to bring inenger volume and smaller airports being privately owned and in many cases self-reliant for revenue and maintenance. As of yet, smaller municipal airports have not been sure-firely compromised and th e dominance for sensational nationwide devastation is somewhat limited. Because the United States continues to makes strides in improving security conditions at major airports, we must recognize that terrorists may already be assessing softer targets like commuter airports.ThreatsOne of the most common threats that municipal airports face are small crimes which have the potential to escalate apace. The number one threat facing a society airport is the theft. Theft can range from equipment to fuel. Sources of threats can be internal, domestic or foreign. Since September 11, 2001 security administrators have re-prioritized their threat assessment to include theft of a small aircraft.Currently theft and/or hijacking of a small aircraft are one of the major concerns to owners, operators and flees. Threats of this type generate significant risk to personnel and serious financial losses. Depending on the motive of the intended thief or hijacker, theft of a small aircraft also presents a danger to the general population and surrounding communities. With manifold consequences in mind, airport security is strongly do to cling to life, property and prosperity. It is in the best interest of owner/operators to devise measures that will prevent misuse of their aircraft (International Council of Aircraft Owners, 2005).Criminal mischief, sabotage, and vandalism are also threats that community airports must counter. In dealing with these threats, one must consider mechanical and functional destruction and not just the cosmetic damage to a faade or loss of replaceable equipment. Accessibility restrictions to aircraft storage and maintenance areas can be difficult to impose and enforce in multiple circumstances. Existing controls compel at airports must do their utmost to deter theft and criminal mischief as well as sabotage to operating equipment (International Council of Aircraft Owners, 2005).RisksAfter the tragedies of September 11, 2001, the American public question ed not only the events of that day, but also the circumstances leading up to the successful terrorist operation. Questions such asWho was behind the approaching? What was the remainder or purpose?When did planning begin?Where did they receive flight raising?Why did this happen?How where they able to carry out these attacks?These types of questions appeared on every telly station, newspaper and radio broadcast in the United States for months after attacks. Airport Administrators are now realizing the potential appeal for misuse of smaller airports and their vulnerability to criminals and terrorists. It has make out apparent that procedures for background checks of employees, instructors, students, pilots and passengers is an evident way to reduce risk and ensure the integrity of an airport and its operators.With the pressing concern of advanced terrorist attacks employing weapons of mass destruction, the attraction of small aircraft as a target cannot be ruled out. The ability o f small aircraft to spread chemical weapons could potentially be as severe as an attack on a nuclear power plant. Terrorists may not be able to buy or steal a nuclear weapon at a small airport, but opportunities exist for terrorists to use aircraft as a tool to assist in their sinister plots.For example, a terrorist may contemplate some type of nuclear terror stratagem. It could involve attacking a nuclear power plant using a small plane to breach gross profit margin security and then be use as a guided missile to reap destruction and chaos. It is important to keep in mind that an attack on a nuclear power plant may transpire whenever someone with a terrorist mindset hijacks a commercial airplane or charters a private one. A private plane could be easily filled with conventional explosives (Nykolyshyn, 2006).Recent studies chartered over the past several months by the Electric ability Research Institute (EPRI), have shown that structures housing reactor fuel in United States nucl ear power plants will be protected against the release of radiation sickness even if struck by a large commercial jetliner. State-of-the-art computer modeling techniques have stubborn that typical nuclear plant containment structures, used fuel storage pools, fuel storage containers, and used fuel transportation containers at United States nuclear power plants would withstand these impact forces despite some concrete crushing and bent steel (Nuclear Energy Institute, 2002).Nonetheless, if terrorists were able to acquire an aircraft and attempt to crash into a nuclear power plant, it raises further suspicions and fears of their capabilities and tenacity./a An IAEA spokesman once claimed that current nuclear power plants were never designed to withstand an attack by a large jumbo jet full of fuel, and prior to 2001, the likeliness of such a crash was never considered high enough to be included in safety regulations (Bunn, 2001).Further vulnerabilities that small airports present for criminals and terrorists are the drop of federally mandated security and technology measures. Often people are able to slip through the cracks or go under the radar without drawing attention to themselves. Criminal organizations have been known to use small community airports to transport and smuggle amerciable immigrants, drugs and other illegal contraband. These risks are major concerns for Airport Administrators. This is specially true near the southern Border/Coastal States. agree to the Tennessee Airport Information Center (2005), a Cessna aircraft carrying six undocumented immigrants, including the pilot, took off from Fullerton Municipal Airport in California but was forced to land at Cannon Air Force Base in New Mexico, after running out of fuel. The plane crossed the country picking up undocumented Brazilian citizens in Boston on the way to Atlanta. It was the second time the pilot an illegal immigrant whose legally registered plane appears on Federal Aviation Administ ration records had flown undocumented immigrants. The flight identifies potential security vulnerabilities of small private and municipal airports, which often conduct little or no screening of small planes (Tennessee Regional Information Center, 2005).One of the principal changes is requiring a background check for a private pilots license. According to the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (2008), a candidate is now required to submit the following information for a background investigation Full name, gender, current address and five-year address history, date and country of birth, and citizenship information.Security and SafeguardsSecurity at small community airports can be very costly. In order to blow costs, community airports typically use outside contractors for their security. One such company is Navigance, which boasts a comprehensive physical security solution by integrating technology to security systems while mitigating risks. Their technological innovations creat e security systems that can deliver a revenue stream for airports by providing secure wireless broadband communication theory and remote monitoring serving both(prenominal) tenant and transient customers (Navigance, 2007).Many small airports have no security at night. Control towers, if they exist, often pixilated for business at 6 or 9 p.m. Security fences are uncommon, although some airports are beginning to recognize the new threat environment and are constructing fences accordingly. Lack of security seems to fit the freewheeling world of private aviation, which nearly collapsed when the federal government banned many private flights for weeks after Sept. 11 (Dotinga, 2002).As augmentation to fencing, community airports must consider using cameras as another layer of protection for perimeters and surrounding areas. To remain current, security upgrades must include wireless digital cameras with a three-week archiving system (minimum) and a state-of-the-art wireless irritate co ntrol system for fomite provide.The cost is not overly prohibitive. Integrators often re-sell the products as case of larger, turn-key package. Therefore these system prices do vary. Ballpark figures can be in the range of $2,000 to equip a single gate or door with an access panel and reader. And depending on an airports configuration, one panel can control up to four gates/doors. A monthly, per-panel network access fee, usually costs less than $100 and keeps each one tied into a central monitoring station and data storage repository (Broderick, 2003).Security ConsiderationWhen developing a plan for perimeter security, there also needs to be a great deal of consideration for access roads leading up to baste pose. Alternative parking will offer entry/exit points for access onto the main airstrip. The shift entry/exit points should be located on both sides of the airport. They too need to be secured by some type of fencing and gate and should not be used for daily activities. The purpose behind the alternate parking lot entry/exit points should be reserved for emergency vehicles and contingency use only.Currently, very few small airports have the resources to secure and protect its parking areas 24 hours a day. One security feature that small airports should implement is the ability to identify both employees and visitors upon arrival and departure of a facility. According to Thomas W. Wathen Protecting life and property frequently requires that you identify employees and visitors entering and leaving the premises you guard (1989, p. 141).First one would start by sustain that employees and visitors are cleared for access onto the property by verifying their identification. Security personnel should record and track the employees or visitors time spent on the case as well as their intentions. Random and routine searches can offer security and work as a deterrent for theft and criminal mischief.Secondly, to help protect people and the facility, an airport s hould ensure extensive lighting exists not only on the exterior and interior of the building, but on parking areas, gates entry/exit points, on all access roads leading to the facility, and at security enclosures.Security lighting is an inexpensive and effective preventative measure against intrusions or other criminal activities. This type of lighting aids security personnel in the detection of intruders and works as a deterrent. It also promotes a feeling of safety among staff and visitors. Lighting should not be limited to night lightning should be able to turn night into day (Broderick, 2003).Thirdly, all parking areas should be equipped with overlapping video inspection that is continually monitored and recorded. A municipal airport should be able to install a relatively small number of cameras to achieve complete coverage of parking and other public areas.Last but not least, a small airport should consider the feasibleness of employing security officers to patrol the parking area as well as inside and outside the perimeter of the facility. The physical presence of a guard, even if conducting patrols at random intervals provides yet another layer of protection.Optional SecurityThere is optional security equipment that can be utilized to augment security and barriers already addressed. Physical security can contain features such as motion detectors/sensors and laser light beams. Although this may enhance the detection of an intruder and alert security for a faster response time, there are drawbacks to the use of these types of security sensors.One major drawback to these additional security measures is cost effectiveness. Prior to implementation, considering a add up cost approach when budgeting for an overall safety and security plan is paramount to success.The second drawback is the reliability of such devices and their room for marginal error. For example movement of wildlife and detritus blowing in the wind could cause numerous false alarms. This in turn, can tie up human resources that could be better utilized in other areas rather than responding to false alarms.All doors and storage facilities should be equipped with some type of pass pester readers. These pass bill of fares take the place of keys, and serve to identify and track personnel and visitors. This is the surest way to maintain an accurate head count for the number of personnel in a facility at any given time. Pass cards also work as a deterrent by restricting access into protected areas. Within a restrained facility, this is important based on job function, personnel needs and responsibilities.Information garnered from pass cards can be recorded and maintained for a determined period of time for auditing purposes. If an employee forgets or loses the pass card, then they must inform security at the gate and be issued a temporary pass card for the day until filling out the proper forms for a new one with human resources.Additional advantages to pass card readers a re upon the termination of an employee, their old card can immediately be deactivated. If one finds their lost card it can be reactivated at that time. In the long term, this will reduce the expense of re-keying locks in the facilities and obtaining company property back from an employee upon termination. It also prevents the risk of employees making duplicate keys.All visitors and vendors will also be required to check in at the security gate and be issued a temporary pass card with limited controlled access. Those who own storage garages for their personal airplanes will be issued a pass card to their own storage facility upon the granting on their signed contract and background check with the facility.The pass card identification system presents multiple security solutions for preventing and eliminating vulnerabilities. They work to immediately increase security and reduce future expenditures. Although more expensive, adding photographs to access cards provides an even greater le vel of security.Airport HierarchyAs previously discussed, municipal airports typically contract out their security operations. If economically feasible, security organizations should screen and hire their own security forces. If resources are available, security officers should be stationed strategically at vulnerable points revealed by a thorough risk assessment. For example One security officer should remain in the dispatch and surveillance office at all times.A security officer should be stationed at the entrance/exit gate at all times for vehicle and personnel checks. In addition, an officer should be on constant interior patrol of the facility and an officer should be on constant exterior patrol of the facility. It will initially be the responsibility of the security officer to notify the proper chain of command during nature or manmade disasters. They will assess and position response teams to the disaster and crisis sites. In turn, airport hierarchy for response should work similar to the below listResponding officer on-siteAirport facility worryLocal law enforcement and first respondersSurrounding jurisdictions with mutual aid agreementsAlthough municipal and private airports are regulated by policies, goals, and objectives, to an extent, they should have common standards of operation. These Standard run Procedures (S.O.P.) should include maintaining the safety of its travelers, support economic prosperity, preserving investment and a level of service to state, national and international markets (Bend Metropolitan Transportation Plan, electronic).Familiarization with, and regularly scheduled training in the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS) is a must as large scale incidents can quickly overwhelm the response capabilities of airports serving smaller communities. Participation in joint exercises with local law enforcement and first responders will provide the foundational principles to be employed during a c atastrophic event and give the owners/operators of small airports an opportunity to examine current preparatory measures and refine protocols for incidents of varying consequence.To conclude, municipal airports face a myriad of challenges similar to the challenges seen in large commercial facilities. Because America has yet to see a catastrophic act of terrorism involving smaller aircraft, attention paid to security at municipal airports has been minimal. Although the risks to National Security are not as obvious or as potentially catastrophic, particularly in the absence of a successful execution of a chemical or biological attack, smaller airports with limited security budgets are an attractive and softer target for terrorists who may be thwarted by improved security at large terminals.There are many cost effective solutions available to reduce the vulnerability of municipal airports training in NIMS and ICS principles as well as developing an understanding of how to best utilize outside resources is of negligible cost but could well prove invaluable in the face of an actual catastrophe. Unfortunately, in a time of limited resources and unlimited potential threats, it may take a successful terrorist attack to increase vehemence on the security vulnerabilities of municipal airports.ReferencesAircraft Owners and Pilots Association. (2008, January 29). Government advocacy. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.aopa.org/tsa_rule/.Bend Metropolitan Transportation Plan. (n.d.). Aviation Systems. Retrieved April 14, 2008, Retrieved from http//www.ci.bend.or.us/depts/community_development/bend_metropolitan/docs/Chapter_15_Aviation_Systems_Final.pdfBroderick, S. (2003, February 1). No High-Wire Act. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.ultra-safe.com/RedlandsAirport.htm.Bunn, M. (2001, October 29). Reducing the threat of nuclear theft and sabotage. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/12691/reducing_the_threat_of_nucle ar_theft_and_sabotage.html.Dotinga, R. (2002, January 8). Small airports, big problem? Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2002/01/08/airport_security/index.html.International Council of Aircraft Owners. (2005, January 18). IAOPA Input for ICAO Security Manual (DOC 8973). Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.iaopa.org/info/security_manual.html.Navigance. (2007). Brochure. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.navigance.com/brochure/navigance.pdf.Nuclear Energy Institute. (2002, January 23). Analysis of nuclear power plants shows aircraft crash would not breach structures housing reactor fuel. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.nei.org/newsandevents/aircraftcrashbreach/.Nykolyshyn, O. (2006, February 6). Summary of the book Nuclear terrorism The ultimate preventable catastrophe., Vienna.Tennessee Regional Information Center. (2005, whitethorn 27). Illegal immigrants on flight. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.tbi.state.tn.us/TRIC /tbi_triccn_files/05.27.05.pdf.Wathen, T. W. (1989). Security Subjects, a Primer for Protection Officers. Van Nuys Guardian Security Publications.

An Analysis Of The Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

An Analysis of The Lord of the FliesThe novel Lord of the Flies, written by William Gerald Golding, is aremarkable piece of literary works that discusses m whatsoever important topics whileremaining an enjoyable read. One of the important topics that is discussed inthe novel is human nature. Many aspects of human nature is depicted in the book,but one major is the development of a mans personality and character. Thisaspect of human idiosyncrasy is visualised through the development of Ralph, themain character and friend of the novel. Ralphs development from innocent,irresponsible, playful adolescent to a tough, self-reliant man shows how thehardships and turmoil of life can greatly effect a persons character.The story takes place on a deserted is acres after a plane crash strands agroup of adolescent boys. The boys are forced to learn how to live on the landwithout any resources or adult assistance. The group chooses Ralph as theirleader and gives him the responsibility of guidin g the group. Ralphs mainenemy and adversary is Jack, the appointed leader of the savage hunters. Theboys go through many trials and hardships while on the island including thedangers of the jungle, finding food, and remaining a functional group.The novels main focus is on Ralph and his experiences on the island.As leader of the group, Ralph has a great deal of responsibility and must learnhow to work with this responsibility. Through the course of the story, Ralphchanges from an adolescent child to a mature person, but ends up pause downat the end of the novel. This aspect of Ralphs character is a way that Goldingdepicts human behavior in society, which is the main theme of the book.As the novel begins, Ralph is portrayed as being a normal adolescent whois irresponsible and negligent. Even when he is chosen as leader, he still isdepicted as an rawness boy. One example of this childish action is seen atthe beginning of the novel when Ralph plays games while doing serious work. Bydo ing things like this Ralph tries to show the freedom the boys have without anyadult supervision. These are not the acts of a responsible leader and issomething that Ralph soon comes to regret.With progression of the story, Ralphs attitudes change as he becomesmore responsible and mature. He realizes the magnificence of being a responsibleleader and begins to guide the other boys more. Ralph begins to try to convincethe others that they act with the groups best interest at hand and tells them to

Hawthorne :: Essays Papers

HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne, an American novelist lived from 1804 to 1864. Hawthornes worksare deeply concerned with the respectable problems of sin, punishment, and atonement. Hegraduated from Bowdoin College in 1825 and returned to his Salem home nutriment insemi-seclusion and writing. Hawthornes exploration of these themes were related to thesense of guilt he felt to the highest degree the roles of his ancestors in the 17th-century persecution of Quakers and in the 1692 witchcraft trials of Salem, Massachusetts. Hawthornes views on women in antheral dominated roles were portrayed as the weaker sex.Allegory and symbolism are combined in Hawthornes work to create sarcasm and deep cerebration to his novels. Allegory is a narrative, either in verse or prose, in whichcharacters, action, and setting constitute abstract concepts apart from the literal meaning of a story. symbol is used to designate an abstract quality or concept. Through both of these concepts Hawthorne re vealed the irony in his writings. These elements helped Hawthorne become a leader in the development of the bunco story.Dr. Heideggers Experiment contained mostly romantic symbolism. Dr. Heidegger is the perfect example of the scientific world done for(p) mad. Medbourne is mostly interested in the economy and is a lessened businessman. Killigrien is basically interested only in himself. Gascorgin is a corrupt politician. Wycherly is an example of social malicious gossip and vanity. The allegory is that Hawthorne is concerned with womens roles in a male dominant society and the dangers of applied science. Rappaccinis Daughter is assembled with Romantic and Anti-Transcendentalist elements. Light is one of the main components of symbolism in the story. Dr. Rappaccini is evil and cares more for science than mankind. prof Baglioni is basically good and practices apt science. Giovanni is Anti-Transcendentalist andBeatrice is Transcendentalist and are both victims of corru pt science. Hawthornes use of nature in Rappaccinis Daughter is used in the allusion to the tend of Eden. Beatrice was poison and forbidden like the apple in the Garden of Eden. An antidote will discharge poison, therefore when Beatrice drank it, she died.Hawthorne Essays PapersHawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne, an American novelist lived from 1804 to 1864. Hawthornes worksare deeply concerned with the ethical problems of sin, punishment, and atonement. Hegraduated from Bowdoin College in 1825 and returned to his Salem home living insemi-seclusion and writing. Hawthornes exploration of these themes were related to thesense of guilt he felt about the roles of his ancestors in the 17th-century persecution of Quakers and in the 1692 witchcraft trials of Salem, Massachusetts. Hawthornes views on women in male dominated roles were portrayed as the weaker sex.Allegory and symbolism are combined in Hawthornes work to create sarcasm and deep thought to his novels. Allegory is a nar rative, either in verse or prose, in whichcharacters, action, and setting represent abstract concepts apart from the literal meaning of a story. Symbolism is used to designate an abstract quality or concept. Through both of these concepts Hawthorne revealed the irony in his writings. These elements helped Hawthorne become a leader in the development of the short story.Dr. Heideggers Experiment contained mostly romantic symbolism. Dr. Heidegger is the perfect example of the scientific world gone mad. Medbourne is mostly interested in the economy and is a corrupted businessman. Killigrien is basically interested only in himself. Gascorgin is a corrupt politician. Wycherly is an example of social scandal and vanity. The allegory is that Hawthorne is concerned with womens roles in a male dominant society and the dangers of applied science. Rappaccinis Daughter is assembled with Romantic and Anti-Transcendentalist elements. Light is one of the main components of symbolism in the story. Dr. Rappaccini is evil and cares more for science than mankind. Professor Baglioni is basically good and practices apt science. Giovanni is Anti-Transcendentalist andBeatrice is Transcendentalist and are both victims of corrupt science. Hawthornes use of nature in Rappaccinis Daughter is used in the allusion to the Garden of Eden. Beatrice was poison and forbidden like the apple in the Garden of Eden. An antidote will destroy poison, therefore when Beatrice drank it, she died.